Biotechnology Exam 3 Questions All
Answered Correctly 2026-2027
Updated.
western blotting - Answer technique that uses antibodies to detect the presence of specific
proteins separated by electrophoresis
western blotting steps - Answer 1. SDS-PAGE proteins are transferred to nitrocellulose
membrane via electrical current
2. membrane is blocked to prevent nonspecific binding
3. primary antibody is added and incubated along with the membrane
4. a secondary anti-immunoglobulin antibody is coupled to a reporter to detect protein-bound
antibodies
5. excess secondary antibody is washed off
6. substrate that precipitates upon reaction is added
7. a visible band of primary antibody bound to protein is revealed
microbes - Answer aka microorganisms; tiny organisms that are too small for the naked eye
examples of microbes - Answer bacteria, fungi, protozoa, archaea, etc.
T/F: <1% of all bacterial species have been identified, cultured and studied - Answer TRUE
T/F: microbes make up about 80% of the Earth's biomass - Answer FALSE; it is estimated at
around 50%
bioprospecting - Answer the discovery and development of new products from biological
resources
microbial enzymes as tools - Answer used in many applications ranging from food production
to molecular bio research
examples of microbial enzymes as tools - Answer 1. Taq polymerase: heat stable, isolated
from a thermophile
2. Cellulase: makes animal food easily digestible, used stone-washed jeans
3. Subtilisin: used in laundry detergents
,the yeast two-hybrid system - Answer A technique used to search for protein-protein
interactions; creates two protein fusions that, if found to interact, bring the DNA binding
domain and activator domain together, resulting in the expression of a specific reporter gene
yeast two-hybrid system: the "bait" - Answer protein A, aka the bait, fuses to a DNA binding
domain of a transcription factor that binds to the promoter
yeast two-hybrid system: the "fish" - Answer protein B, aka the fish, fuses with an activator
domain that binds to an enhancer
DBD - Answer DNA binding domain
AD - Answer activator domain
yeast two-hybrid system example - Answer
ICLICKER 1: What percent of bacterial species have been identified, cultured, and studied? -
Answer less than 1%
(<1%)
ICLICKER 2: The main purpose of the yeast two-hybrid system is to test for the interaction of
different _______________ molecules - Answer proteins
CRISPR - Answer Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
what is CRISPR? - Answer CRISPR is a revolutionary technology that lets scientists
edit/manipulate genes; found in approx. 50% of sequenced bacterial genomes, provides
acquired immunity
Cas genes - Answer CRISPR-associated genes
near the CRISPR; makes proteins that can edit DNA to do the hybridization degradation,
specifically makes nucleases and integrases
Cas9 - Answer RNA-guided DNA endonuclease enzyme associated with the CRISPR, produces
single strand breaks in DNA
CRISPR example - Answer
, Cas9 example - Answer
History of CRISPR (1987) - Answer Japanese scientist Yoshizumi Ishino + et. al. discover
repeated sequences of DNA in E. Coli, unsure of what they do
History of CRISPR (2000) - Answer Repeated sequences previously discovered by Ishino are
named SRSR (short regularly spaces repeats), while other scientists discover zinc finger
nucleases
zinc finger nucleases - Answer gene editing tool discovered in 2000
History of CRISPR (2002) - Answer sequences are renamed CRIPSR (clustered regularly
interspaced short palindromic repeats); scientists also discovered CAS, which cut DNA like
scissors
History of CRISPR (2007) - Answer researchers discover CRISPR may be a bacterial defense
mechanism against bacteriophages
History of CRISPR (2010) - Answer scientists discover TALENs (transcription activator-like
effector nucleases), another DNA editing tool
History of CRISPR (2011) - Answer Caribou Biosciences (a CRISPR startup) is founded by a
team including Jennifer Doudna of UC Berkley
History of CRISPR (2012) - Answer Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier show
CRISPR can be used to edit human cells outside the body
History of CRISPR (2013) - Answer CRISPR is used to edit the genomes of many organisms
(flies, mice, etc.); Editas Medicine (another startup) is founded
History of CRISPR (April 2014) - Answer Feng Zhang (MIT/Broad Institute) is awarded the first
patent for CRISPR
History of CRISPR (August 2014) - Answer researchers edit the genes of mice to prevent
muscular dystrophy
History of CRISPR (April 2015) - Answer Junjiu Huang + et. al. use CRISPR to modify nonviable
human embryos
Answered Correctly 2026-2027
Updated.
western blotting - Answer technique that uses antibodies to detect the presence of specific
proteins separated by electrophoresis
western blotting steps - Answer 1. SDS-PAGE proteins are transferred to nitrocellulose
membrane via electrical current
2. membrane is blocked to prevent nonspecific binding
3. primary antibody is added and incubated along with the membrane
4. a secondary anti-immunoglobulin antibody is coupled to a reporter to detect protein-bound
antibodies
5. excess secondary antibody is washed off
6. substrate that precipitates upon reaction is added
7. a visible band of primary antibody bound to protein is revealed
microbes - Answer aka microorganisms; tiny organisms that are too small for the naked eye
examples of microbes - Answer bacteria, fungi, protozoa, archaea, etc.
T/F: <1% of all bacterial species have been identified, cultured and studied - Answer TRUE
T/F: microbes make up about 80% of the Earth's biomass - Answer FALSE; it is estimated at
around 50%
bioprospecting - Answer the discovery and development of new products from biological
resources
microbial enzymes as tools - Answer used in many applications ranging from food production
to molecular bio research
examples of microbial enzymes as tools - Answer 1. Taq polymerase: heat stable, isolated
from a thermophile
2. Cellulase: makes animal food easily digestible, used stone-washed jeans
3. Subtilisin: used in laundry detergents
,the yeast two-hybrid system - Answer A technique used to search for protein-protein
interactions; creates two protein fusions that, if found to interact, bring the DNA binding
domain and activator domain together, resulting in the expression of a specific reporter gene
yeast two-hybrid system: the "bait" - Answer protein A, aka the bait, fuses to a DNA binding
domain of a transcription factor that binds to the promoter
yeast two-hybrid system: the "fish" - Answer protein B, aka the fish, fuses with an activator
domain that binds to an enhancer
DBD - Answer DNA binding domain
AD - Answer activator domain
yeast two-hybrid system example - Answer
ICLICKER 1: What percent of bacterial species have been identified, cultured, and studied? -
Answer less than 1%
(<1%)
ICLICKER 2: The main purpose of the yeast two-hybrid system is to test for the interaction of
different _______________ molecules - Answer proteins
CRISPR - Answer Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
what is CRISPR? - Answer CRISPR is a revolutionary technology that lets scientists
edit/manipulate genes; found in approx. 50% of sequenced bacterial genomes, provides
acquired immunity
Cas genes - Answer CRISPR-associated genes
near the CRISPR; makes proteins that can edit DNA to do the hybridization degradation,
specifically makes nucleases and integrases
Cas9 - Answer RNA-guided DNA endonuclease enzyme associated with the CRISPR, produces
single strand breaks in DNA
CRISPR example - Answer
, Cas9 example - Answer
History of CRISPR (1987) - Answer Japanese scientist Yoshizumi Ishino + et. al. discover
repeated sequences of DNA in E. Coli, unsure of what they do
History of CRISPR (2000) - Answer Repeated sequences previously discovered by Ishino are
named SRSR (short regularly spaces repeats), while other scientists discover zinc finger
nucleases
zinc finger nucleases - Answer gene editing tool discovered in 2000
History of CRISPR (2002) - Answer sequences are renamed CRIPSR (clustered regularly
interspaced short palindromic repeats); scientists also discovered CAS, which cut DNA like
scissors
History of CRISPR (2007) - Answer researchers discover CRISPR may be a bacterial defense
mechanism against bacteriophages
History of CRISPR (2010) - Answer scientists discover TALENs (transcription activator-like
effector nucleases), another DNA editing tool
History of CRISPR (2011) - Answer Caribou Biosciences (a CRISPR startup) is founded by a
team including Jennifer Doudna of UC Berkley
History of CRISPR (2012) - Answer Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier show
CRISPR can be used to edit human cells outside the body
History of CRISPR (2013) - Answer CRISPR is used to edit the genomes of many organisms
(flies, mice, etc.); Editas Medicine (another startup) is founded
History of CRISPR (April 2014) - Answer Feng Zhang (MIT/Broad Institute) is awarded the first
patent for CRISPR
History of CRISPR (August 2014) - Answer researchers edit the genes of mice to prevent
muscular dystrophy
History of CRISPR (April 2015) - Answer Junjiu Huang + et. al. use CRISPR to modify nonviable
human embryos
