NR 228 NUTRITION HEALTH & WELLNESS FINAL | COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS | LIFESPAN NUTRITION, D… EXAM
P R O F E S S I O N A L P R A C T I C E M AT E R I A L S
NR 228 Nutrition Health & Wellness Final |
Comprehensive Questions & Answers |
Lifespan Nutrition, Disease Diets &
Clinical Application Cases | 2026/2027
Verified Answers Exam Ready With Rationales
88 QUESTIONS
DOCUMENT OVERVIEW
This comprehensive resource provides 88 questions with their correct answers and detailed explanations,
covering critical aspects of lifespan nutrition and clinical application cases. It serves as an excellent tool for
students to study, review complex concepts, and prepare for certification exams by offering insights into
disease diets and their management.
CONTENTS
01 Cardiovascular Health Q1–Q15
02 Gastrointestinal & Liver Disorders Q16–Q37
03 Dietary Patterns & Applications Q38–Q51
04 Macronutrients & Metabolism Q52–Q62
05 Endocrine & Metabolic Conditions Q63–Q67
06 Lifespan & Special Populations Q68–Q71
07 Vitamins & Minerals Q72–Q84
08 Renal & Respiratory Health Q85–Q88
E XA M Q U EST I O N S
Q1 QUESTION 1 OF 88
A 68-year-old male client with a history of heart failure is admitted to the medical-surgical unit with acute dyspnea and generalized edema. His morning
laboratory results reveal a serum sodium of 128 mEq/L. The nurse reviews the client's intake and output record, noting a 24-hour intake of 2500 mL and an
output of 800 mL. Considering the client's presentation, what is the MOST likely underlying physiological mechanism contributing to his fluid overload?
A) Excessive dietary sodium intake leading to increased extracellular fluid volume.
B) Severe protein deficiency resulting in decreased plasma oncotic pressure.
Page 1
,C) Ingestion of a large volume of hypotonic fluid, diluting serum sodium.
D) Impaired renal excretion of free water due to antidiuretic hormone imbalance.
CORRECT ANSWER
A) Excessive dietary sodium intake leading to increased extracellular fluid volume.
RATIONALE
Excess sodium intake stimulates the body to retain water to maintain osmotic balance, exacerbating fluid overload and edema in a client with compromised cardiac
function. While other factors can cause edema, sodium retention is a primary driver in heart failure management.
Q2 QUESTION 2 OF 88
A 78-year-old client with a history of congestive heart failure and chronic renal insufficiency is admitted with confusion and generalized weakness. Vital signs
reveal a blood pressure of 90/50 mmHg, heart rate of 115 bpm, and temperature of 99.8°F. Laboratory results show serum sodium 128 mEq/L, serum potassium
4.2 mEq/L, and BUN 45 mg/dL. The nurse anticipates that which of the following conditions could have contributed to the client's hyponatremia? (Select all that
apply.)
A) Administration of an excessive volume of intravenous 0.9% normal saline solution.
B) Aggressive diuretic therapy utilizing furosemide for peripheral edema.
C) A recent episode of vomiting and diarrhea following a suspected foodborne illness.
D) The client's diagnosis of liver cirrhosis with ascites.
E) A dietary intake consisting primarily of protein-rich foods.
CORRECT ANSWER
B) Aggressive diuretic therapy utilizing furosemide for peripheral edema.
C) A recent episode of vomiting and diarrhea following a suspected foodborne illness.
D) The client's diagnosis of liver cirrhosis with ascites.
RATIONALE
Diuretics can increase sodium excretion, while vomiting and diarrhea lead to significant fluid and electrolyte losses; liver disease can cause fluid shifts and impaired sodium
regulation, all contributing to hyponatremia.
Q3 QUESTION 3 OF 88
A registered dietitian is developing a nutrition plan for a patient recovering from a myocardial infarction. The patient's blood work indicates a need to increase
intake of omega-3 fatty acids. Which of the following food sources should the dietitian prioritize for this patient's dietary recommendations?
A) Lean beef and pork
B) Whole milk and cheese
C) Salmon and mackerel
D) Eggs and butter
CORRECT ANSWER
C) Salmon and mackerel
RATIONALE
Fatty fish like salmon and mackerel are rich sources of EPA and DHA, polyunsaturated fatty acids with cardioprotective benefits, which aligns with the patient's recovery
needs. Other options contain saturated fats or cholesterol, which should be limited post-MI.
Q4 QUESTION 4 OF 88
Elevated levels of which lipoprotein particle are strongly associated with the development of coronary artery disease (CAD) due to its role in atherogenesis?
A) High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
B) Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
Page 2
,C) Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
D) Chylomicron
CORRECT ANSWER
C) Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
RATIONALE
High levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) transport cholesterol to peripheral tissues, contributing to plaque formation in arterial walls, which is a primary mechanism in
the progression of coronary artery disease. Other lipoproteins play different roles, with HDL generally considered cardioprotective.
Q5 QUESTION 5 OF 88
A 62-year-old male presents for a routine physical, reporting a history of hypertension and occasional chest tightness. His lipid panel reveals a total cholesterol
of 245 mg/dL, triglycerides of 180 mg/dL, HDL of 35 mg/dL, and LDL of 175 mg/dL. The nurse understands that this elevated LDL contributes to the risk of
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) primarily through which pathophysiological mechanisms? (Select all that apply.)
A) Promoting vasodilation in coronary arteries.
B) Accumulating within the arterial wall, contributing to plaque formation.
C) Binding to HDL and facilitating its transport to the liver.
D) Triggering an inflammatory response in the endothelium.
E) Increasing the viscosity of the blood.
F) Inhibiting the aggregation of platelets.
CORRECT ANSWER
B) Accumulating within the arterial wall, contributing to plaque formation.
D) Triggering an inflammatory response in the endothelium.
RATIONALE
Elevated LDL cholesterol accumulates in the subendothelial space of the arterial wall, initiating the process of atherogenesis and triggering inflammatory responses that
contribute to plaque formation and subsequent CAD. This process directly opposes vasodilation and platelet aggregation.
Q6 QUESTION 6 OF 88
A nurse is reviewing lifestyle factors that contribute to the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for
CAD?
A) Family history of early-onset heart disease
B) Chronic kidney disease stage 3
C) Sedentary lifestyle and poor dietary habits
D) Age greater than 55 years
CORRECT ANSWER
C) Sedentary lifestyle and poor dietary habits
RATIONALE
A sedentary lifestyle and poor dietary habits significantly increase the risk of obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, all modifiable factors that promote CAD development.
Genetic predisposition and advanced age are non-modifiable risks.
Q7 QUESTION 7 OF 88
The nurse is reviewing the discharge teaching plan for a 68-year-old male client diagnosed with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and a history of hypertension.
He is eager to implement dietary changes. Which of the following dietary modifications should the nurse reinforce as MOST beneficial for managing CAD?
(Select all that apply.)
Page 3
, A) Increasing intake of red meat and full-fat dairy products.
B) Emphasizing the consumption of lean protein sources and whole grains.
C) Recommending a diet high in saturated and trans fats to support energy needs.
D) Advising a reduction in dietary sodium intake to manage blood pressure.
E) Encouraging a diet rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats.
F) Promoting a high-fiber diet, including fruits, vegetables, and legumes.
CORRECT ANSWER
B) Emphasizing the consumption of lean protein sources and whole grains.
D) Advising a reduction in dietary sodium intake to manage blood pressure.
E) Encouraging a diet rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats.
F) Promoting a high-fiber diet, including fruits, vegetables, and legumes.
RATIONALE
Managing Coronary Artery Disease involves reducing intake of saturated/trans fats and sodium, while increasing lean proteins, whole grains, fiber, and healthy unsaturated
fats to improve lipid profiles and cardiovascular health.
Q8 QUESTION 8 OF 88
A 58-year-old male of African American descent presents for a routine physical examination. His blood pressure today is 148/92 mmHg, and he reports a family
history of heart disease. The nurse is reviewing his lifestyle and dietary intake for potential risk factors. Which of the following assessments and interventions
are MOST indicated for this patient given his demographic and current findings? (Select all that apply.)
A) Recommend a DASH diet rich in potassium and magnesium.
B) Advise limiting sodium intake to less than 2,300 mg per day.
C) Schedule a follow-up appointment in one year to recheck blood pressure.
D) Assess for current tobacco use and offer cessation resources.
E) Initiate a prescription for a daily diuretic without further assessment.
F) Educate the patient on the importance of regular physical activity.
CORRECT ANSWER
A) Recommend a DASH diet rich in potassium and magnesium.
B) Advise limiting sodium intake to less than 2,300 mg per day.
D) Assess for current tobacco use and offer cessation resources.
F) Educate the patient on the importance of regular physical activity.
RATIONALE
Hypertension risk is elevated in African Americans; thus, interventions should focus on lifestyle modifications like dietary changes (DASH, sodium restriction), tobacco
cessation, and exercise to manage blood pressure. Delaying follow-up or initiating medication without comprehensive assessment are inappropriate.
Q9 QUESTION 9 OF 88
A nurse is developing a health promotion plan for a patient diagnosed with stage 1 hypertension. Which lifestyle modifications should the nurse include to
support blood pressure reduction? (Select all that apply.)
A) Initiating a vigorous daily exercise program without prior medical clearance.
B) Increasing daily intake of processed meats and canned soups.
C) Recommending a gradual weight loss of 5-10% of current body mass.
D) Advising a reduction in recreational alcohol consumption to no more than one serving per day for women and two for men.
E) Encouraging the use of salt substitutes in all cooking and at the table.
F) Discussing the benefits of smoking cessation.
CORRECT ANSWER
C) Recommending a gradual weight loss of 5-10% of current body mass.
D) Advising a reduction in recreational alcohol consumption to no more than one serving per day for women and two for men.
E) Encouraging the use of salt substitutes in all cooking and at the table.
F) Discussing the benefits of smoking cessation.
Page 4
P R O F E S S I O N A L P R A C T I C E M AT E R I A L S
NR 228 Nutrition Health & Wellness Final |
Comprehensive Questions & Answers |
Lifespan Nutrition, Disease Diets &
Clinical Application Cases | 2026/2027
Verified Answers Exam Ready With Rationales
88 QUESTIONS
DOCUMENT OVERVIEW
This comprehensive resource provides 88 questions with their correct answers and detailed explanations,
covering critical aspects of lifespan nutrition and clinical application cases. It serves as an excellent tool for
students to study, review complex concepts, and prepare for certification exams by offering insights into
disease diets and their management.
CONTENTS
01 Cardiovascular Health Q1–Q15
02 Gastrointestinal & Liver Disorders Q16–Q37
03 Dietary Patterns & Applications Q38–Q51
04 Macronutrients & Metabolism Q52–Q62
05 Endocrine & Metabolic Conditions Q63–Q67
06 Lifespan & Special Populations Q68–Q71
07 Vitamins & Minerals Q72–Q84
08 Renal & Respiratory Health Q85–Q88
E XA M Q U EST I O N S
Q1 QUESTION 1 OF 88
A 68-year-old male client with a history of heart failure is admitted to the medical-surgical unit with acute dyspnea and generalized edema. His morning
laboratory results reveal a serum sodium of 128 mEq/L. The nurse reviews the client's intake and output record, noting a 24-hour intake of 2500 mL and an
output of 800 mL. Considering the client's presentation, what is the MOST likely underlying physiological mechanism contributing to his fluid overload?
A) Excessive dietary sodium intake leading to increased extracellular fluid volume.
B) Severe protein deficiency resulting in decreased plasma oncotic pressure.
Page 1
,C) Ingestion of a large volume of hypotonic fluid, diluting serum sodium.
D) Impaired renal excretion of free water due to antidiuretic hormone imbalance.
CORRECT ANSWER
A) Excessive dietary sodium intake leading to increased extracellular fluid volume.
RATIONALE
Excess sodium intake stimulates the body to retain water to maintain osmotic balance, exacerbating fluid overload and edema in a client with compromised cardiac
function. While other factors can cause edema, sodium retention is a primary driver in heart failure management.
Q2 QUESTION 2 OF 88
A 78-year-old client with a history of congestive heart failure and chronic renal insufficiency is admitted with confusion and generalized weakness. Vital signs
reveal a blood pressure of 90/50 mmHg, heart rate of 115 bpm, and temperature of 99.8°F. Laboratory results show serum sodium 128 mEq/L, serum potassium
4.2 mEq/L, and BUN 45 mg/dL. The nurse anticipates that which of the following conditions could have contributed to the client's hyponatremia? (Select all that
apply.)
A) Administration of an excessive volume of intravenous 0.9% normal saline solution.
B) Aggressive diuretic therapy utilizing furosemide for peripheral edema.
C) A recent episode of vomiting and diarrhea following a suspected foodborne illness.
D) The client's diagnosis of liver cirrhosis with ascites.
E) A dietary intake consisting primarily of protein-rich foods.
CORRECT ANSWER
B) Aggressive diuretic therapy utilizing furosemide for peripheral edema.
C) A recent episode of vomiting and diarrhea following a suspected foodborne illness.
D) The client's diagnosis of liver cirrhosis with ascites.
RATIONALE
Diuretics can increase sodium excretion, while vomiting and diarrhea lead to significant fluid and electrolyte losses; liver disease can cause fluid shifts and impaired sodium
regulation, all contributing to hyponatremia.
Q3 QUESTION 3 OF 88
A registered dietitian is developing a nutrition plan for a patient recovering from a myocardial infarction. The patient's blood work indicates a need to increase
intake of omega-3 fatty acids. Which of the following food sources should the dietitian prioritize for this patient's dietary recommendations?
A) Lean beef and pork
B) Whole milk and cheese
C) Salmon and mackerel
D) Eggs and butter
CORRECT ANSWER
C) Salmon and mackerel
RATIONALE
Fatty fish like salmon and mackerel are rich sources of EPA and DHA, polyunsaturated fatty acids with cardioprotective benefits, which aligns with the patient's recovery
needs. Other options contain saturated fats or cholesterol, which should be limited post-MI.
Q4 QUESTION 4 OF 88
Elevated levels of which lipoprotein particle are strongly associated with the development of coronary artery disease (CAD) due to its role in atherogenesis?
A) High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
B) Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
Page 2
,C) Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
D) Chylomicron
CORRECT ANSWER
C) Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
RATIONALE
High levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) transport cholesterol to peripheral tissues, contributing to plaque formation in arterial walls, which is a primary mechanism in
the progression of coronary artery disease. Other lipoproteins play different roles, with HDL generally considered cardioprotective.
Q5 QUESTION 5 OF 88
A 62-year-old male presents for a routine physical, reporting a history of hypertension and occasional chest tightness. His lipid panel reveals a total cholesterol
of 245 mg/dL, triglycerides of 180 mg/dL, HDL of 35 mg/dL, and LDL of 175 mg/dL. The nurse understands that this elevated LDL contributes to the risk of
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) primarily through which pathophysiological mechanisms? (Select all that apply.)
A) Promoting vasodilation in coronary arteries.
B) Accumulating within the arterial wall, contributing to plaque formation.
C) Binding to HDL and facilitating its transport to the liver.
D) Triggering an inflammatory response in the endothelium.
E) Increasing the viscosity of the blood.
F) Inhibiting the aggregation of platelets.
CORRECT ANSWER
B) Accumulating within the arterial wall, contributing to plaque formation.
D) Triggering an inflammatory response in the endothelium.
RATIONALE
Elevated LDL cholesterol accumulates in the subendothelial space of the arterial wall, initiating the process of atherogenesis and triggering inflammatory responses that
contribute to plaque formation and subsequent CAD. This process directly opposes vasodilation and platelet aggregation.
Q6 QUESTION 6 OF 88
A nurse is reviewing lifestyle factors that contribute to the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for
CAD?
A) Family history of early-onset heart disease
B) Chronic kidney disease stage 3
C) Sedentary lifestyle and poor dietary habits
D) Age greater than 55 years
CORRECT ANSWER
C) Sedentary lifestyle and poor dietary habits
RATIONALE
A sedentary lifestyle and poor dietary habits significantly increase the risk of obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, all modifiable factors that promote CAD development.
Genetic predisposition and advanced age are non-modifiable risks.
Q7 QUESTION 7 OF 88
The nurse is reviewing the discharge teaching plan for a 68-year-old male client diagnosed with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and a history of hypertension.
He is eager to implement dietary changes. Which of the following dietary modifications should the nurse reinforce as MOST beneficial for managing CAD?
(Select all that apply.)
Page 3
, A) Increasing intake of red meat and full-fat dairy products.
B) Emphasizing the consumption of lean protein sources and whole grains.
C) Recommending a diet high in saturated and trans fats to support energy needs.
D) Advising a reduction in dietary sodium intake to manage blood pressure.
E) Encouraging a diet rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats.
F) Promoting a high-fiber diet, including fruits, vegetables, and legumes.
CORRECT ANSWER
B) Emphasizing the consumption of lean protein sources and whole grains.
D) Advising a reduction in dietary sodium intake to manage blood pressure.
E) Encouraging a diet rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats.
F) Promoting a high-fiber diet, including fruits, vegetables, and legumes.
RATIONALE
Managing Coronary Artery Disease involves reducing intake of saturated/trans fats and sodium, while increasing lean proteins, whole grains, fiber, and healthy unsaturated
fats to improve lipid profiles and cardiovascular health.
Q8 QUESTION 8 OF 88
A 58-year-old male of African American descent presents for a routine physical examination. His blood pressure today is 148/92 mmHg, and he reports a family
history of heart disease. The nurse is reviewing his lifestyle and dietary intake for potential risk factors. Which of the following assessments and interventions
are MOST indicated for this patient given his demographic and current findings? (Select all that apply.)
A) Recommend a DASH diet rich in potassium and magnesium.
B) Advise limiting sodium intake to less than 2,300 mg per day.
C) Schedule a follow-up appointment in one year to recheck blood pressure.
D) Assess for current tobacco use and offer cessation resources.
E) Initiate a prescription for a daily diuretic without further assessment.
F) Educate the patient on the importance of regular physical activity.
CORRECT ANSWER
A) Recommend a DASH diet rich in potassium and magnesium.
B) Advise limiting sodium intake to less than 2,300 mg per day.
D) Assess for current tobacco use and offer cessation resources.
F) Educate the patient on the importance of regular physical activity.
RATIONALE
Hypertension risk is elevated in African Americans; thus, interventions should focus on lifestyle modifications like dietary changes (DASH, sodium restriction), tobacco
cessation, and exercise to manage blood pressure. Delaying follow-up or initiating medication without comprehensive assessment are inappropriate.
Q9 QUESTION 9 OF 88
A nurse is developing a health promotion plan for a patient diagnosed with stage 1 hypertension. Which lifestyle modifications should the nurse include to
support blood pressure reduction? (Select all that apply.)
A) Initiating a vigorous daily exercise program without prior medical clearance.
B) Increasing daily intake of processed meats and canned soups.
C) Recommending a gradual weight loss of 5-10% of current body mass.
D) Advising a reduction in recreational alcohol consumption to no more than one serving per day for women and two for men.
E) Encouraging the use of salt substitutes in all cooking and at the table.
F) Discussing the benefits of smoking cessation.
CORRECT ANSWER
C) Recommending a gradual weight loss of 5-10% of current body mass.
D) Advising a reduction in recreational alcohol consumption to no more than one serving per day for women and two for men.
E) Encouraging the use of salt substitutes in all cooking and at the table.
F) Discussing the benefits of smoking cessation.
Page 4
