Test Bank for Kuby Immunology Covid-19 Digital Update, 8th Edition by Jenni Punt, Sharon Stranford, Patricia Jones, Judy Owen.pdf

TEST BANK for Kuby Immunology with Covid-
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19 & Digital Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Judy
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Owen; Jenni Punt; Patricia Jones
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Complete Chapters 1- zc zc




21| Verified Q&As for Exam Preparation| All Figures Included
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| A+ PASS GUARANTEED
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, Chapter 01 zc




1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-
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specific antibodies develop were the instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the two dif
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fer? Which was ultimately shown to be CORRECT?
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CORRECT ANSWER: The selective theory says that, when an antigen receptor binds with an antigen,
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the cell becomes activated (or the cell is selected to proliferate and secrete more copies of the receptor
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). The instructional theory says that the antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. The selective theo
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ry was shown to be correct.
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2. Often, serendipity plays a role in significant scientific discoveries. In your own words, explain ho
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w serendipity led Pasteur to discover a cholera vaccine.
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CORRECT ANSWER: Pasteur developed the vaccine in chickens, which were in short supply. He cha
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llenged groups of chickens with cholera bacteria—
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some of which were previously exposed to an attenuated version of cholera bacteria. Only the previous
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ly exposed animals were protected from a new challenge, which led to the use of weakened pathogens
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as vaccines.
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3. Despite its having been eradicated on a global scale, smallpox is presently considered a potenti
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al bioterrorism threat. Why? Use evidence to support your answer.
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CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended. A
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s populations continued to grow over time, an ever-
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increasing percentage of the human population remains unvaccinated and thus, is still susceptible to th
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e disease.
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4. Prior to 1999, it was claimed that a thimerosal additive in vaccines was contributing to the rising i
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ncidence of autism. If the claims were true, what resultant trend might you expect to observe in the ra
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te of autism once thimerosal was removed from vaccines?
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CORRECT ANSWER: One would reasonably expect a decrease in the rate of autism. However, cases
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of autism continued to rise after thimerosal was removed from vaccines in 2001.
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5. Given the discovery and development of effective antibiotics, make an argument for the continued u
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se of vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Use evidence to support your answer.
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CORRECT ANSWER: Antibiotics are used for treatment of disease, not typically for prevention. Anti
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biotic treatment is not foolproof (considering the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance). Vaccines are
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a preventative measure, and prevention is the gold standard for infectious disease control measures.
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,6. You have a friend unfamiliar with immunology, and he asks you the following question: "Why do I
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need the flu shot every year, but don't need an annual chickenpox vaccine?" As a student of immunolo
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gy, how would you explain this discrepancy to your friend? Use evidence to support your answer.
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CORRECT ANSWER: The virus that causes the flu changes every year -
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as a result, a new flu vaccine must be prepared each year based on a predication of the most common
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forms of the virus likely to be encountered. Vaccines are specific in the type of pathogen against whic
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h they protect, and protection against one type does not guarantee protection against pathogens that ar
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e closely-related.
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7. Provide one benefit and one drawback of generating random recognition receptors during t
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he development of B cells.
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CORRECT ANSWER: A benefit is having the capacity to recognize and respond to diverse pathogens
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as they evolve. A drawback is that some recognition receptors could potentially recognize and target h
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ost antigens. zc




8. A portion of our immune systems' white blood cells is constantly circulating throughout the body v
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ia circulation and lymphatics. What is the benefit of such circulation?
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CORRECT ANSWER: The circulation of the white blood cells allows for a more comprehensive surv
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eillance of the body for the presence of potential pathogens. A significant portion of the human body is
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constantly exposed to potential microbial pathogens.
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9. Complete the following table by comparing and contrasting innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Innate Immunity zc




Adaptive Immunity zc




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What do they recognize? zc zc zc




How are the receptors encoded?
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Why can't they control all infections alone? Wh
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at do they do in response to antigen?
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, CORRECT ANSWER: zc


Innate Immunity zc
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Immunit
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Macrophages, NK ce zc zc
Is mediated by
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lls, neutrophils, mast
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what cells?
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What do they zc zc z Pathogen patterns zc
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epitope
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Rearranged
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gene segments zc
encoded?
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escape mechanisms zc o develop zc
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in response to a
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10. What are the hallmarks of inflammation? Describe the physical characteristics of someon
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e experiencing an inflammatory response.
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CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencing inflammation might have l
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ocalized swelling and redness or itching or may be experiencing faintness due to a lowering of blood
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pressure if more severe. zc zc zc




11. Upon receiving immune serum as a treatment for a venomous snake bite, would the recipient
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be immune from future bites of the same species?
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CORRECT ANSWER: In the short- zc zc zc zc


term, probably, as the serum contains protective antibodies against the venom. In the long-
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term, no, as serum treatment is a form of passive immunity. Passive immunity does not generate long
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-lived memory cells. zc zc




12. Provide one common feature of and two differences between B-cell receptors and PRRs.
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CORRECT ANSWER: A common feature is that they both are used to recognize foreign antigens. A
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B-
cell receptor is more selective than a PRR. The DNA that encodes for a PRR in an individual is inherit
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ed. The DNA that encodes for a mature B-
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cell receptor from an individual is not passed on to offspring.
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