NSG 170 EXAMS SCRIPT LATEST QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔initiation phase - ✔✔carcinogens cause mutations in DNA
✔✔promotion phase - ✔✔repeated exposure to promoting agents causes proliferation
and expansion initiated cells
✔✔progression - ✔✔altered cells exhibit increasingly malignant behavior
✔✔Carcinoma - ✔✔epithelial cancer; breast, lung, prostate
✔✔sarcoma - ✔✔connective of supportive tissue cancer; bone, cartilage, smooth
muscle, skeletal muscle etc
✔✔myeloma - ✔✔plasma cells; lymphocytes and plasma cells
✔✔lymphoma - ✔✔lymphocytes; may involve lymph nodes and/or body organs
✔✔leukemia - ✔✔hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow; may involve cell lines in the
bone marrow
✔✔Modes of carcinogen contact - ✔✔Physical
Chemical agents
Genetic and Familial Factors
Lifestyle factors
Hormones
Immune system evasion
✔✔Cancer Prevention - ✔✔healthy lifestyle, early detection, know your genetic risks
, ✔✔Primary prevention - ✔✔reduce the risks of disease through health promotion and
risk reduction; immunizations
✔✔Secondary prevention - ✔✔screening and early detection; identify precancerous
lesions
✔✔tertiary prevention - ✔✔used to prevent farther spread of disease; improved
screening, diagnosis and monitoring
✔✔Diagnostics to detect cancer - ✔✔tumor marker identifier
genetic tumor markers
mammography
CT scan
Fluoroscopy
Ultrasound
Endoscopy
Nuclear medicine imaging
PET scan
Vascular imaging
✔✔Cancer Management - ✔✔Surgery
Diagnostic Surgery
Biopsy
Prophylactic Surgery
Palliative Surgery
Reconstructive Surgery
Radiation Therapy
✔✔What determines radiation dosage? - ✔✔size of tumor
radiation tolerance
structures adjacent to tumor
✔✔Alkylating agents - ✔✔Bond to RNA and DNA and protein molecules leading to
impaired DNA replication, RNA transcription and cell functioning all equals cell death
✔✔Nitrosources - ✔✔similar to alkylating agents, cross the blood-brain barrier
✔✔Topiosomerase I inhibitors - ✔✔induce breaks in the DNA strand, preventing cells
from dividing
✔✔Antimetabolites - ✔✔anti-neoplastic-inhibit DNA polymerase
fluorouracil (5-FU), Methotrexate
used: ALL, CA of breast, colon, pancreas
adfx: basic- GI-N/V, ulcers, decreased RBC, WBC, plt
ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔initiation phase - ✔✔carcinogens cause mutations in DNA
✔✔promotion phase - ✔✔repeated exposure to promoting agents causes proliferation
and expansion initiated cells
✔✔progression - ✔✔altered cells exhibit increasingly malignant behavior
✔✔Carcinoma - ✔✔epithelial cancer; breast, lung, prostate
✔✔sarcoma - ✔✔connective of supportive tissue cancer; bone, cartilage, smooth
muscle, skeletal muscle etc
✔✔myeloma - ✔✔plasma cells; lymphocytes and plasma cells
✔✔lymphoma - ✔✔lymphocytes; may involve lymph nodes and/or body organs
✔✔leukemia - ✔✔hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow; may involve cell lines in the
bone marrow
✔✔Modes of carcinogen contact - ✔✔Physical
Chemical agents
Genetic and Familial Factors
Lifestyle factors
Hormones
Immune system evasion
✔✔Cancer Prevention - ✔✔healthy lifestyle, early detection, know your genetic risks
, ✔✔Primary prevention - ✔✔reduce the risks of disease through health promotion and
risk reduction; immunizations
✔✔Secondary prevention - ✔✔screening and early detection; identify precancerous
lesions
✔✔tertiary prevention - ✔✔used to prevent farther spread of disease; improved
screening, diagnosis and monitoring
✔✔Diagnostics to detect cancer - ✔✔tumor marker identifier
genetic tumor markers
mammography
CT scan
Fluoroscopy
Ultrasound
Endoscopy
Nuclear medicine imaging
PET scan
Vascular imaging
✔✔Cancer Management - ✔✔Surgery
Diagnostic Surgery
Biopsy
Prophylactic Surgery
Palliative Surgery
Reconstructive Surgery
Radiation Therapy
✔✔What determines radiation dosage? - ✔✔size of tumor
radiation tolerance
structures adjacent to tumor
✔✔Alkylating agents - ✔✔Bond to RNA and DNA and protein molecules leading to
impaired DNA replication, RNA transcription and cell functioning all equals cell death
✔✔Nitrosources - ✔✔similar to alkylating agents, cross the blood-brain barrier
✔✔Topiosomerase I inhibitors - ✔✔induce breaks in the DNA strand, preventing cells
from dividing
✔✔Antimetabolites - ✔✔anti-neoplastic-inhibit DNA polymerase
fluorouracil (5-FU), Methotrexate
used: ALL, CA of breast, colon, pancreas
adfx: basic- GI-N/V, ulcers, decreased RBC, WBC, plt
