,BIOD 152 final Exam | Essential Human Anatomy &
Physiology II w/lab | Portage Learning | Q & A |
2026 Edition
1. Which of the following best describes the primary difference between anatomy and physiology?
A) Anatomy studies the functions of body parts, while physiology studies their structures
B) Anatomy focuses on the structure of the body, while physiology looks at how the body parts function
together
C) Anatomy is concerned with microscopic structures, while physiology is concerned with macroscopic
structures
D) Anatomy and physiology are essentially the same field of study
Correct Answer: Anatomy focuses on the structure of the body, while physiology looks at how the body
parts function together
Rationale: Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body and its parts, while physiology is the study
of how those parts function together. The physiology of the body depends on its anatomy, as structure
and function are inherently linked.
2. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of which two structures?
A) Brain and cranial nerves
B) Brain and spinal cord
C) Spinal cord and spinal nerves
D) Brain and peripheral nerves
Correct Answer: Brain and spinal cord
Rationale: The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is
protected by the skull, and the spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column.
3. What structure protects the brain?
,A) Vertebral column
B) Meninges
C) Skull
D) Cerebrospinal fluid
Correct Answer: Skull
Rationale: The brain is protected by the bony skull (cranium). The spinal cord is protected by the
vertebral column (spine).
4. Collections of cell bodies inside the central nervous system are called:
A) Ganglia
B) Tracts
C) Nerves
D) Nuclei
Correct Answer: Nuclei
Rationale: In the central nervous system, collections of neuron cell bodies are called nuclei. In the
peripheral nervous system, they are called ganglia.
5. The collection of nerve axons in the central nervous system is called a:
A) Nerve
B) Ganglion
C) Tract
D) Nucleus
Correct Answer: Tract
, Rationale: A tract is a bundle of nerve axons in the central nervous system. In the peripheral nervous
system, a bundle of axons is called a nerve.
6. A bundle of axons found in the peripheral nervous system is called a:
A) Nerve
B) Tract
C) Ganglion
D) Nucleus
Correct Answer: Nerve
Rationale: A nerve is a bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system. In the CNS, a bundle of axons is
called a tract.
7. Which division of the peripheral nervous system receives impulses from sensory organs?
A) Motor (efferent) division
B) Autonomic division
C) Sensory (afferent) division
D) Somatic division
Correct Answer: Sensory (afferent) division
Rationale: The afferent (sensory) division of the PNS carries impulses from sensory organs toward the
central nervous system. The efferent (motor) division carries impulses from the CNS to muscles and
glands.
8. The two divisions of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system are the:
A) Central and peripheral nervous systems
B) Sensory and motor divisions
C) Somatic and autonomic nervous systems
Physiology II w/lab | Portage Learning | Q & A |
2026 Edition
1. Which of the following best describes the primary difference between anatomy and physiology?
A) Anatomy studies the functions of body parts, while physiology studies their structures
B) Anatomy focuses on the structure of the body, while physiology looks at how the body parts function
together
C) Anatomy is concerned with microscopic structures, while physiology is concerned with macroscopic
structures
D) Anatomy and physiology are essentially the same field of study
Correct Answer: Anatomy focuses on the structure of the body, while physiology looks at how the body
parts function together
Rationale: Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body and its parts, while physiology is the study
of how those parts function together. The physiology of the body depends on its anatomy, as structure
and function are inherently linked.
2. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of which two structures?
A) Brain and cranial nerves
B) Brain and spinal cord
C) Spinal cord and spinal nerves
D) Brain and peripheral nerves
Correct Answer: Brain and spinal cord
Rationale: The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is
protected by the skull, and the spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column.
3. What structure protects the brain?
,A) Vertebral column
B) Meninges
C) Skull
D) Cerebrospinal fluid
Correct Answer: Skull
Rationale: The brain is protected by the bony skull (cranium). The spinal cord is protected by the
vertebral column (spine).
4. Collections of cell bodies inside the central nervous system are called:
A) Ganglia
B) Tracts
C) Nerves
D) Nuclei
Correct Answer: Nuclei
Rationale: In the central nervous system, collections of neuron cell bodies are called nuclei. In the
peripheral nervous system, they are called ganglia.
5. The collection of nerve axons in the central nervous system is called a:
A) Nerve
B) Ganglion
C) Tract
D) Nucleus
Correct Answer: Tract
, Rationale: A tract is a bundle of nerve axons in the central nervous system. In the peripheral nervous
system, a bundle of axons is called a nerve.
6. A bundle of axons found in the peripheral nervous system is called a:
A) Nerve
B) Tract
C) Ganglion
D) Nucleus
Correct Answer: Nerve
Rationale: A nerve is a bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system. In the CNS, a bundle of axons is
called a tract.
7. Which division of the peripheral nervous system receives impulses from sensory organs?
A) Motor (efferent) division
B) Autonomic division
C) Sensory (afferent) division
D) Somatic division
Correct Answer: Sensory (afferent) division
Rationale: The afferent (sensory) division of the PNS carries impulses from sensory organs toward the
central nervous system. The efferent (motor) division carries impulses from the CNS to muscles and
glands.
8. The two divisions of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system are the:
A) Central and peripheral nervous systems
B) Sensory and motor divisions
C) Somatic and autonomic nervous systems
