WGU D236 PATHO -
MEGAN/SHAY’S STUDY GUIDES
WITH QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED
A+ 2026
What is the primary determinant of oncotic pressure? - answer-Albumin
Form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins - answer-Oncotic Pressure
What is the difference between adult and child immunity? - answer-Naive T Cells
Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _________________, which regulates actions
such as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS. - answer-Osmoreceptors
What are the causes of dehydration? - answer-#Excessive loss
#Inadequate intake
#Both
What s/sx are associated with dehydration? - answer-#Dry mucous membranes
#Decreased skin turgor
#Decreased urine output
#Low blood pressure
#Tachycardia
#Weak heart rate
#Confusion
,A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and pH of
7.53. She is breathing slowly. What condition does she have? - answer-Metabolic
alkalosis
The patient's pH and CO2 levels are both elevated (moving in the same direction). This
indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high because her respiratory system is
attempting to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and retaining more CO2.
Normal CO2 level - answer-35-45
Normal pH level - answer-7.35-7.45
Normal HCO3 level - answer-22-26
Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How does pH impact
Michael's basal metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers.
His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the
bloodstream.
His calcium level is reduced because the elevated concentration of H+ makes it easier
for Ca+ to bind to albumin.
His CO2 level is decreased because his lungs have difficulty adding it into the
bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the
bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream. - answer-His CO2 level is
increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the bloodstream.
,His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the
bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
A hormone panel was done on a patient with congestive heart failure and fluid volume
overload. Which elevated hormone on the patient's chart is indicative of the body's
attempt to reduce the fluid overload?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Aldosterone
Renin - answer-BNP
BNP is released when fluid volume excess is present.
Normal sodium level - answer-135-145
Hyponatremia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - answer-Na < 135
Loss of energy or fatigue
Nausea and vomiting
Headache
Confusion
Muscle spasms
, Low blood pressure
Dark scanty urine
Irritability, disorientation and neurological manifestations
Seizures
Hypernatremia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx - answer-Na > 145
Excessive thirst
Extreme fatigue
Confusion
Muscle twitching or spasms
Restlessness
Seizures
Normal potassium level - answer-3.5-5.0
Hypokalemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx - answer-K < 3.5
#Muscle fatigue/cramping
#Nausea, vomiting, constipation
#Cardiac dysrhythmias
#Paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
Hyperkalemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - answer-K > 5.0
Muscle weakness/paralysis
Paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
Cardiac dysrhythmias
MEGAN/SHAY’S STUDY GUIDES
WITH QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED
A+ 2026
What is the primary determinant of oncotic pressure? - answer-Albumin
Form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins - answer-Oncotic Pressure
What is the difference between adult and child immunity? - answer-Naive T Cells
Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _________________, which regulates actions
such as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS. - answer-Osmoreceptors
What are the causes of dehydration? - answer-#Excessive loss
#Inadequate intake
#Both
What s/sx are associated with dehydration? - answer-#Dry mucous membranes
#Decreased skin turgor
#Decreased urine output
#Low blood pressure
#Tachycardia
#Weak heart rate
#Confusion
,A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and pH of
7.53. She is breathing slowly. What condition does she have? - answer-Metabolic
alkalosis
The patient's pH and CO2 levels are both elevated (moving in the same direction). This
indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high because her respiratory system is
attempting to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and retaining more CO2.
Normal CO2 level - answer-35-45
Normal pH level - answer-7.35-7.45
Normal HCO3 level - answer-22-26
Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How does pH impact
Michael's basal metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers.
His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the
bloodstream.
His calcium level is reduced because the elevated concentration of H+ makes it easier
for Ca+ to bind to albumin.
His CO2 level is decreased because his lungs have difficulty adding it into the
bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the
bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream. - answer-His CO2 level is
increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the bloodstream.
,His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the
bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
A hormone panel was done on a patient with congestive heart failure and fluid volume
overload. Which elevated hormone on the patient's chart is indicative of the body's
attempt to reduce the fluid overload?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Aldosterone
Renin - answer-BNP
BNP is released when fluid volume excess is present.
Normal sodium level - answer-135-145
Hyponatremia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - answer-Na < 135
Loss of energy or fatigue
Nausea and vomiting
Headache
Confusion
Muscle spasms
, Low blood pressure
Dark scanty urine
Irritability, disorientation and neurological manifestations
Seizures
Hypernatremia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx - answer-Na > 145
Excessive thirst
Extreme fatigue
Confusion
Muscle twitching or spasms
Restlessness
Seizures
Normal potassium level - answer-3.5-5.0
Hypokalemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx - answer-K < 3.5
#Muscle fatigue/cramping
#Nausea, vomiting, constipation
#Cardiac dysrhythmias
#Paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
Hyperkalemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - answer-K > 5.0
Muscle weakness/paralysis
Paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
Cardiac dysrhythmias
