Pressure that is due to albumin in the bloodstream? - ANSWER Oncotic
Oncotic - ANSWER a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins
In the blood, _____ is the most common plasma protein and is, therefore, a primary
determinant of oncotic pressure - ANSWER albumin
_____ controls osmotic pressure in vascular system, builds volume - ANSWER Albumin
One question was about the difference in children and adult immunity - ANSWER
Possible answer: naive T cells
Learning check question: Which differences in immunity make children and older adult
patients more susceptible to infections? Choose 2 answers
Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
Older adult patients have more memory cells to combat infection
Younger patients have a large population of naive T cells
1
,Older adult patients have a large population of naive T cells - ANSWER Younger patients
have fewer memory cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
Rationale: younger patients have not been exposed to many pathogens, which means that
they have fewer memory cells than adults. The primary immune response is relatively weak
compared to a secondary response mediated by memory cells.
Older adult patients do not have as many T cells compared to younger patients. When these
patients encounter novel pathogens, the reduced number of naive T cells gives clonal
selection fewer opportunities to "find" T cells that will be effective.
Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _______, which regulates actions such as thirst,
ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS. - ANSWER osmoreceptors
Fluid deficit causes - ANSWER -Excessive loss
-Inadequate intake
-Or combination of both
Fluid deficit risk factors - ANSWER -Vomiting/diarrhea
-Excessive sweating
-Insufficient water intake
ROME for ABGs - ANSWER Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal
If pH and pCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is pCO2 levels that are causing the
imbalance and it is respiratory in nature
If they are moving the same direction then it is metabolic in nature
2
,Fluid deficit manifestations - ANSWER -dry mucous membranes
-decreased skin turgor
-decreased urine output
-low blood pressure
-tachycardia
-confusion
Buffers, renal compensation, and respiratory compensation help to maintain a blood pH of
_______ - ANSWER 7.35-7.45
A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and a blood pH of
7.53. She is breathing slowly. What condition does the patient have?
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis - ANSWER Metabolic alkalosis
The patient's pH and CO2 level are both elevating (moving in the same direction). This
indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high because her respiratory system is
attempting to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and retaining more CO2
To prevent changes in pH, the body employs buffer systems. The body utilizes 3 buffer
systems: - ANSWER proteins, phosphates, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system first line of defense is _____, second line of defense is
_____ - ANSWER respirations; kidneys
3
, CABS Equation:
When CO2 levels are elevated, the equation moves ________, forming more H+ and HCO3-
ions - ANSWER toward the right
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system equation - ANSWER The equation moves in both
directions
CABS Equation:
When H+ ions are elevated, the equation moves _____, as H+ ions are converted to CO2 and
the CO2 is exhaled. - ANSWER toward the left
CO2 levels - ANSWER 35-45
HCO3 levels - ANSWER 22-26
Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How does pH impact Michael's
basal metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers.
His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the
bloodstream.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the
bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
His calcium level is reduced because the elevated concentration of H+ makes it easier for Ca+
to bind to albumin.
4
Oncotic - ANSWER a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins
In the blood, _____ is the most common plasma protein and is, therefore, a primary
determinant of oncotic pressure - ANSWER albumin
_____ controls osmotic pressure in vascular system, builds volume - ANSWER Albumin
One question was about the difference in children and adult immunity - ANSWER
Possible answer: naive T cells
Learning check question: Which differences in immunity make children and older adult
patients more susceptible to infections? Choose 2 answers
Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
Older adult patients have more memory cells to combat infection
Younger patients have a large population of naive T cells
1
,Older adult patients have a large population of naive T cells - ANSWER Younger patients
have fewer memory cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
Rationale: younger patients have not been exposed to many pathogens, which means that
they have fewer memory cells than adults. The primary immune response is relatively weak
compared to a secondary response mediated by memory cells.
Older adult patients do not have as many T cells compared to younger patients. When these
patients encounter novel pathogens, the reduced number of naive T cells gives clonal
selection fewer opportunities to "find" T cells that will be effective.
Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _______, which regulates actions such as thirst,
ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS. - ANSWER osmoreceptors
Fluid deficit causes - ANSWER -Excessive loss
-Inadequate intake
-Or combination of both
Fluid deficit risk factors - ANSWER -Vomiting/diarrhea
-Excessive sweating
-Insufficient water intake
ROME for ABGs - ANSWER Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal
If pH and pCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is pCO2 levels that are causing the
imbalance and it is respiratory in nature
If they are moving the same direction then it is metabolic in nature
2
,Fluid deficit manifestations - ANSWER -dry mucous membranes
-decreased skin turgor
-decreased urine output
-low blood pressure
-tachycardia
-confusion
Buffers, renal compensation, and respiratory compensation help to maintain a blood pH of
_______ - ANSWER 7.35-7.45
A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and a blood pH of
7.53. She is breathing slowly. What condition does the patient have?
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis - ANSWER Metabolic alkalosis
The patient's pH and CO2 level are both elevating (moving in the same direction). This
indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high because her respiratory system is
attempting to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and retaining more CO2
To prevent changes in pH, the body employs buffer systems. The body utilizes 3 buffer
systems: - ANSWER proteins, phosphates, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system first line of defense is _____, second line of defense is
_____ - ANSWER respirations; kidneys
3
, CABS Equation:
When CO2 levels are elevated, the equation moves ________, forming more H+ and HCO3-
ions - ANSWER toward the right
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system equation - ANSWER The equation moves in both
directions
CABS Equation:
When H+ ions are elevated, the equation moves _____, as H+ ions are converted to CO2 and
the CO2 is exhaled. - ANSWER toward the left
CO2 levels - ANSWER 35-45
HCO3 levels - ANSWER 22-26
Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How does pH impact Michael's
basal metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers.
His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the
bloodstream.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the
bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
His calcium level is reduced because the elevated concentration of H+ makes it easier for Ca+
to bind to albumin.
4
