BIOD 102 MODULE 6 EXAM 2026/2027 | Essential Biology II
with Lab | Verified Q&A | Grade A | Portage Learning | Pass
Guaranteed - A+ Graded
Section 1: Mendelian Genetics & Inheritance Patterns
Q1: According to Mendel's Law of Segregation, what occurs during the formation of
gametes?
A. Alleles for different traits segregate independently of one another
B. Two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation, ending up in
different gametes
C. Dominant alleles always segregate into the same gamete
D. Recessive alleles are eliminated from the gamete pool
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Mendel's first law states that allele pairs separate (segregate) during gamete
formation so that each gamete receives only one allele for each gene. VERIFIED ✓
Portage Learning BIOD 102 Module 6 - Mendel's Laws.
Q2: In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals (Aa x Aa), what is the
expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
A. 1:2:1
B. 3:1
C. 9:3:3:1
D. 1:1
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A cross between two heterozygotes yields a genotypic ratio of 1:2:1
(AA:Aa:aa), but the phenotypic ratio is 3:1 (dominant:recessive) because the
heterozygotes display the dominant phenotype. VERIFIED ✓ Portage Learning BIOD 102
Module 6 - Monohybrid Crosses.
Q3: A pea plant with purple flowers (Pp) is crossed with a pea plant with white flowers
(pp). What is the probability that a randomly selected offspring will be heterozygous?
A. 0%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 75%
Correct Answer: C
,Rationale: The Punnett square for Pp x pp yields 50% Pp (heterozygous purple) and 50%
pp (homozygous recessive white). VERIFIED ✓ Portage Learning BIOD 102 Module 6 -
Probability and Punnett Squares.
Q4: Which of the following is an example of incomplete dominance?
A. ABO blood types in humans
B. Red and white snapdragons producing pink offspring
C. Color blindness in humans
D. A person with both normal and sickle-cell hemoglobin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Incomplete dominance occurs when the heterozygote exhibits an
intermediate phenotype between the two homozygous parents, such as pink flowers
from red and white parents. VERIFIED ✓ Portage Learning BIOD 102 Module 6 -
Non-Mendelian Inheritance.
Q5: If a person with type AB blood marries a person with type O blood, what is the
probability that their child will have type A blood?
A. 0%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 100%
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The cross is IAIB x ii. The offspring can be IAi (type A) or IBi (type B).
Therefore, there is a 50% chance the child will have type A blood. VERIFIED ✓ Portage
Learning BIOD 102 Module 6 - Multiple Alleles (ABO Blood Groups).
Q6: Sickle cell anemia is an example of which genetic phenomenon?
A. Polygenic inheritance
B. Epistasis
C. Pleiotropy
D. Incomplete dominance
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Pleiotropy occurs when a single gene affects multiple, seemingly unrelated
phenotypic traits. The sickle-cell allele affects red blood cell shape, oxygen transport,
and susceptibility to malaria. VERIFIED ✓ Portage Learning BIOD 102 Module 6 -
Pleiotropy.
Q7: In Labrador retrievers, the "E" gene determines if pigment is deposited in the hair (E)
or not (e). If a dog is homozygous recessive (ee), it will be yellow regardless of the B/b
gene for black/brown pigment. This is an example of:
, A. Codominance
B. Epistasis
C. Incomplete dominance
D. Polygenic inheritance
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Epistasis occurs when the expression of one gene (the epistatic gene, 'e' in
this case) masks or alters the expression of another gene at a different locus ('B').
VERIFIED ✓ Portage Learning BIOD 102 Module 6 - Epistasis.
Q8: Human height and skin color are primarily determined by:
A. A single dominant gene
B. Multiple genes acting additively
C. Sex-linked recessive genes
D. Mitochondrial DNA
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: These traits exhibit polygenic inheritance, where multiple independent genes
have an additive effect on the phenotype, resulting in a continuous distribution of traits
in the population. VERIFIED ✓ Portage Learning BIOD 102 Module 6 - Polygenic
Inheritance.
Q9: Red-green color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait. A colorblind male marries a
female who is a carrier for the trait. What is the probability their son will be colorblind?
A. 0%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 100%
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The cross is XcY (colorblind male) x XCXc (carrier female). Sons receive the Y
chromosome from the father and either XC or Xc from the mother, giving a 50% chance
of being XcY (colorblind). VERIFIED ✓ Portage Learning BIOD 102 Module 6 -
Sex-Linked Inheritance.
Q10: In a pedigree chart, a square represents a:
A. Affected female
B. Unaffected female
C. Affected male
D. Unaffected male
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: By standard pedigree conventions, squares denote males and circles denote
females. Filled/shaded shapes indicate affected individuals, while unshaded shapes
with Lab | Verified Q&A | Grade A | Portage Learning | Pass
Guaranteed - A+ Graded
Section 1: Mendelian Genetics & Inheritance Patterns
Q1: According to Mendel's Law of Segregation, what occurs during the formation of
gametes?
A. Alleles for different traits segregate independently of one another
B. Two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation, ending up in
different gametes
C. Dominant alleles always segregate into the same gamete
D. Recessive alleles are eliminated from the gamete pool
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Mendel's first law states that allele pairs separate (segregate) during gamete
formation so that each gamete receives only one allele for each gene. VERIFIED ✓
Portage Learning BIOD 102 Module 6 - Mendel's Laws.
Q2: In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals (Aa x Aa), what is the
expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
A. 1:2:1
B. 3:1
C. 9:3:3:1
D. 1:1
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A cross between two heterozygotes yields a genotypic ratio of 1:2:1
(AA:Aa:aa), but the phenotypic ratio is 3:1 (dominant:recessive) because the
heterozygotes display the dominant phenotype. VERIFIED ✓ Portage Learning BIOD 102
Module 6 - Monohybrid Crosses.
Q3: A pea plant with purple flowers (Pp) is crossed with a pea plant with white flowers
(pp). What is the probability that a randomly selected offspring will be heterozygous?
A. 0%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 75%
Correct Answer: C
,Rationale: The Punnett square for Pp x pp yields 50% Pp (heterozygous purple) and 50%
pp (homozygous recessive white). VERIFIED ✓ Portage Learning BIOD 102 Module 6 -
Probability and Punnett Squares.
Q4: Which of the following is an example of incomplete dominance?
A. ABO blood types in humans
B. Red and white snapdragons producing pink offspring
C. Color blindness in humans
D. A person with both normal and sickle-cell hemoglobin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Incomplete dominance occurs when the heterozygote exhibits an
intermediate phenotype between the two homozygous parents, such as pink flowers
from red and white parents. VERIFIED ✓ Portage Learning BIOD 102 Module 6 -
Non-Mendelian Inheritance.
Q5: If a person with type AB blood marries a person with type O blood, what is the
probability that their child will have type A blood?
A. 0%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 100%
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The cross is IAIB x ii. The offspring can be IAi (type A) or IBi (type B).
Therefore, there is a 50% chance the child will have type A blood. VERIFIED ✓ Portage
Learning BIOD 102 Module 6 - Multiple Alleles (ABO Blood Groups).
Q6: Sickle cell anemia is an example of which genetic phenomenon?
A. Polygenic inheritance
B. Epistasis
C. Pleiotropy
D. Incomplete dominance
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Pleiotropy occurs when a single gene affects multiple, seemingly unrelated
phenotypic traits. The sickle-cell allele affects red blood cell shape, oxygen transport,
and susceptibility to malaria. VERIFIED ✓ Portage Learning BIOD 102 Module 6 -
Pleiotropy.
Q7: In Labrador retrievers, the "E" gene determines if pigment is deposited in the hair (E)
or not (e). If a dog is homozygous recessive (ee), it will be yellow regardless of the B/b
gene for black/brown pigment. This is an example of:
, A. Codominance
B. Epistasis
C. Incomplete dominance
D. Polygenic inheritance
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Epistasis occurs when the expression of one gene (the epistatic gene, 'e' in
this case) masks or alters the expression of another gene at a different locus ('B').
VERIFIED ✓ Portage Learning BIOD 102 Module 6 - Epistasis.
Q8: Human height and skin color are primarily determined by:
A. A single dominant gene
B. Multiple genes acting additively
C. Sex-linked recessive genes
D. Mitochondrial DNA
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: These traits exhibit polygenic inheritance, where multiple independent genes
have an additive effect on the phenotype, resulting in a continuous distribution of traits
in the population. VERIFIED ✓ Portage Learning BIOD 102 Module 6 - Polygenic
Inheritance.
Q9: Red-green color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait. A colorblind male marries a
female who is a carrier for the trait. What is the probability their son will be colorblind?
A. 0%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 100%
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The cross is XcY (colorblind male) x XCXc (carrier female). Sons receive the Y
chromosome from the father and either XC or Xc from the mother, giving a 50% chance
of being XcY (colorblind). VERIFIED ✓ Portage Learning BIOD 102 Module 6 -
Sex-Linked Inheritance.
Q10: In a pedigree chart, a square represents a:
A. Affected female
B. Unaffected female
C. Affected male
D. Unaffected male
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: By standard pedigree conventions, squares denote males and circles denote
females. Filled/shaded shapes indicate affected individuals, while unshaded shapes
