What does aldosterone regulate? - ANSWER re-absorption of sodium and water (indi-
rectly excretion of potassium)
What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process? - ANSWER In-
creased vascular permeability. Increased pressure in the vasculature secondary to the vaso-
dilatory effects of inflammation result in leakage of fluid into 3rd spaces
Klinefelter syndrome - ANSWER A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X
chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY.
High pitched voice
mental impairment
sparse body hair
small testes
gynecomastia
Alpha Thalassemia - ANSWER Disease in which there are insufficient alpha-globin chains
due to gene deletions causing a reduction in hemoglobin. Future offspring have 1/4 chance
of disease.
Blood flow of the heart - ANSWER -Oxygen poor blood enter right atrium and flows into
right ventricle via vena cava
-Blood is pumped from right ventricle into pulmonary artery (goes into lungs)
-Oxygen rich blood returns to heart via pulmonary vein and enters left atrium and flows into
left ventricle
-Blood is pumped into the aorta and circulated to body
1
,What happens during diastole? - ANSWER the heart is relaxed, semilunar valves are
closed and blood from atria fills ventricles; low pressure.
What happens during systole? - ANSWER Heart muscles contract, creating pressure to
open the pulmonary and aortic valves.
Blood from R ventricle is pushed into the lungs to exchange O2 and CO2.
Blood from the L ventricle is pushed thru the aorta to be distributed throughout the body.
QRS complex - ANSWER ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
What effect does atherosclerosis have on the development of an aneurysm? - ANSWER
Erodes the vessel wall. Plaque formation makes vessel rigid and susceptible to rupture.
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - ANSWER blood fat that transports cholesterol to organs
and tissues; excess amounts result in the accumulation of fatty deposits on artery walls.
<100
Which factor is responsible for hypertrophy of the myocardium associated with HTN? - AN-
SWER Angiotensin II
Stimulates increased cardiac preload and afterload leading to hypertrophy, poor myocardial
compliance, and ventricular dilation. Causes sarcomere death, abnormal collagen matrices,
and interstitial fibrosis.
What gland produces Antidiuretic hormone? - ANSWER posterior pituitary gland
T3 and T4 are regulated by - ANSWER TSH
What causes SIADH? - ANSWER Too much ADH.
Increased intravascular volume, decreased urine production, electrolyte disturbance.
2
,CNS - stroke, hemorrhage, infection, trauma
Medications - narcotics, oxytocin, chlorpropamide, antiepileptic agents
Trauma - pain is a powerful stimulus for ADH. What for post op pts who is receiving fluids
Lung - simple pneumonia or ADH secreting small cell cancer of the lung.
Hypothyroidism - ANSWER High TSH, low T3 and T4
During the body's inflammatory process, what causes edema?
-Vasodilation of blood vessels
-Emigration of neutrophils
-Endothelial cell expansion
-Increased capillary permeability - ANSWER Increased capillary permeability
The increased flow and capillary permeability result in a leakage of plasma from the vessels
causing swelling (edema) in the surrounding tissue and is solely responsible for inflammation
induced edema
A 56-year-old diabetic patient has not taken his insulin in 4 days due to him" feeling well
without it". He is admitted to the ED with an elevated blood sugar. What electrolyte should
be assessed FIRST?
-Calcium
-Sodium
-Potassium
-Chloride - ANSWER Potassium
Insulin facilitates the intracellular transport of potassium, phosphate, and magnesium. With-
out insulin, potassium does not get transported to the intracellular environment and the se-
rum potassium will rise.
A 46-year-old woman is considering having another child. The healthcare providers are ex-
plaining to the woman that children born to women late in life have an increased rate of
having children with this condition.
3
, -Kawasaki's disease
-Down syndrome
-Klinefelter syndrome
-Turner syndrome - ANSWER Down syndrome risk increases with Maternal age.
A patient with several risk factors is concerned about developing type 2 diabetes. The
healthcare professional advises the patient to lose weight, explaining that obesity is an im-
portant risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus because it causes what?
-Reduced insulin production by the pancreas
-Increased resistance to insulin in the cells
-Obstructed outflow of insulin from the pancreas
-Stimulation of glucose production by the liver - ANSWER Increased resistance to insulin
in the cells
People with type 2 diabetes mellitus suffer from insulin resistance. Obesity causes this re-
sistance so their cells have difficulty using insulin. Obesity does not lead to reduced insulin
production, obstructed insulin outflow, or stimulation of glucose production.
When evaluating a patient for hypertensive target organ damage, the APRN looks for evi-
dence of:
-Lipid abnormality
-Insulin resistance
-Left ventricular hypertrophy
-Clotting disorder - ANSWER Left ventricular hypertrophy
On ultrasound a patient had 4-chamber dilation with an ejection fraction of 15% and a pleu-
ral effusion on chest x-ray. Elevated liver function tests, hypokalemia, and hypomagnesema
are seen on lab results. Blood pressure is 115/60 and heart rate is 110 bpm with regular rate
and rhythm, respiratory rate 30 bpm and O2 saturation is 88% on room air. Initial therapy
should include all of the following except:
-Diuretic
-ACE Inhibitor
4
rectly excretion of potassium)
What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process? - ANSWER In-
creased vascular permeability. Increased pressure in the vasculature secondary to the vaso-
dilatory effects of inflammation result in leakage of fluid into 3rd spaces
Klinefelter syndrome - ANSWER A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X
chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY.
High pitched voice
mental impairment
sparse body hair
small testes
gynecomastia
Alpha Thalassemia - ANSWER Disease in which there are insufficient alpha-globin chains
due to gene deletions causing a reduction in hemoglobin. Future offspring have 1/4 chance
of disease.
Blood flow of the heart - ANSWER -Oxygen poor blood enter right atrium and flows into
right ventricle via vena cava
-Blood is pumped from right ventricle into pulmonary artery (goes into lungs)
-Oxygen rich blood returns to heart via pulmonary vein and enters left atrium and flows into
left ventricle
-Blood is pumped into the aorta and circulated to body
1
,What happens during diastole? - ANSWER the heart is relaxed, semilunar valves are
closed and blood from atria fills ventricles; low pressure.
What happens during systole? - ANSWER Heart muscles contract, creating pressure to
open the pulmonary and aortic valves.
Blood from R ventricle is pushed into the lungs to exchange O2 and CO2.
Blood from the L ventricle is pushed thru the aorta to be distributed throughout the body.
QRS complex - ANSWER ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
What effect does atherosclerosis have on the development of an aneurysm? - ANSWER
Erodes the vessel wall. Plaque formation makes vessel rigid and susceptible to rupture.
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - ANSWER blood fat that transports cholesterol to organs
and tissues; excess amounts result in the accumulation of fatty deposits on artery walls.
<100
Which factor is responsible for hypertrophy of the myocardium associated with HTN? - AN-
SWER Angiotensin II
Stimulates increased cardiac preload and afterload leading to hypertrophy, poor myocardial
compliance, and ventricular dilation. Causes sarcomere death, abnormal collagen matrices,
and interstitial fibrosis.
What gland produces Antidiuretic hormone? - ANSWER posterior pituitary gland
T3 and T4 are regulated by - ANSWER TSH
What causes SIADH? - ANSWER Too much ADH.
Increased intravascular volume, decreased urine production, electrolyte disturbance.
2
,CNS - stroke, hemorrhage, infection, trauma
Medications - narcotics, oxytocin, chlorpropamide, antiepileptic agents
Trauma - pain is a powerful stimulus for ADH. What for post op pts who is receiving fluids
Lung - simple pneumonia or ADH secreting small cell cancer of the lung.
Hypothyroidism - ANSWER High TSH, low T3 and T4
During the body's inflammatory process, what causes edema?
-Vasodilation of blood vessels
-Emigration of neutrophils
-Endothelial cell expansion
-Increased capillary permeability - ANSWER Increased capillary permeability
The increased flow and capillary permeability result in a leakage of plasma from the vessels
causing swelling (edema) in the surrounding tissue and is solely responsible for inflammation
induced edema
A 56-year-old diabetic patient has not taken his insulin in 4 days due to him" feeling well
without it". He is admitted to the ED with an elevated blood sugar. What electrolyte should
be assessed FIRST?
-Calcium
-Sodium
-Potassium
-Chloride - ANSWER Potassium
Insulin facilitates the intracellular transport of potassium, phosphate, and magnesium. With-
out insulin, potassium does not get transported to the intracellular environment and the se-
rum potassium will rise.
A 46-year-old woman is considering having another child. The healthcare providers are ex-
plaining to the woman that children born to women late in life have an increased rate of
having children with this condition.
3
, -Kawasaki's disease
-Down syndrome
-Klinefelter syndrome
-Turner syndrome - ANSWER Down syndrome risk increases with Maternal age.
A patient with several risk factors is concerned about developing type 2 diabetes. The
healthcare professional advises the patient to lose weight, explaining that obesity is an im-
portant risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus because it causes what?
-Reduced insulin production by the pancreas
-Increased resistance to insulin in the cells
-Obstructed outflow of insulin from the pancreas
-Stimulation of glucose production by the liver - ANSWER Increased resistance to insulin
in the cells
People with type 2 diabetes mellitus suffer from insulin resistance. Obesity causes this re-
sistance so their cells have difficulty using insulin. Obesity does not lead to reduced insulin
production, obstructed insulin outflow, or stimulation of glucose production.
When evaluating a patient for hypertensive target organ damage, the APRN looks for evi-
dence of:
-Lipid abnormality
-Insulin resistance
-Left ventricular hypertrophy
-Clotting disorder - ANSWER Left ventricular hypertrophy
On ultrasound a patient had 4-chamber dilation with an ejection fraction of 15% and a pleu-
ral effusion on chest x-ray. Elevated liver function tests, hypokalemia, and hypomagnesema
are seen on lab results. Blood pressure is 115/60 and heart rate is 110 bpm with regular rate
and rhythm, respiratory rate 30 bpm and O2 saturation is 88% on room air. Initial therapy
should include all of the following except:
-Diuretic
-ACE Inhibitor
4
