Celiac Disease - definition - ANSWER intolerance of gluten - more pronounced in the duo-
denum and jejunum
Celiac Disease - s/s - ANSWER Abdominal pain/distention, diarrhea (pale, greasy, bulky,
foul), malnutrition complications (rickets, occult blood, anemia), early bleeds/bruises, hypo-
magnesemia/hypocalcemia (irritability, tremors, convulsions, tetany, bone pain)
Celiac Disease - labs - ANSWER IgA-tTg, IgA-EMA, total IgA
Celiac Disease - testing - ANSWER serologic measurements of IgA antibodies and HLA-
DQ2 or HLA-DQ8, endoscopy with small intestine biopsy, duodenal biopsy
Sjoren's Syndrome - definition - ANSWER immune disorder characterized by dry mouth
and dry eyes, mostly in older women
Sjoren's Syndrome - testing - ANSWER SSA+ and SSB+
Cinnamon - Uses - ANSWER Lowers BG, Cholesterol, hypertension, risk of bleeding
Cinnamon - adverse efects - ANSWER avoid use with diabetic drugs, anticoagulants, and
heart meds - breastfeeding women should avoid as a treatment
Gingko Biloba - uses - ANSWER halt progression of dementia, used for erectile disfunction
1
,Gingko Biloba - adverse effects - ANSWER increases risk of bleeding (avoid using with an-
ticoagulants) and lowers seizure threshold
Glucosamine - uses - ANSWER osteoarthritis
Green Tea - uses - ANSWER lose weight, mental clarity
Green Tea - adverse effects - ANSWER hepatotoxicity, avoid taking with vasodilators/stim-
ulants/psychoactive medications, contains small amounts of vitamin K
Lavender - uses - ANSWER increases relaxation, helps with anxiety/stress/insomnia
Lavender - adverse effects - ANSWER constipation, headache, increase appetite, decrease
BP, caution with CNS depressants
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - structure - ANSWER LEFT ventricle is underdeveloped
Mitral valves not formed properly
Aortic valve not formed properly
Ascending aorta underdeveloped
Atrial septal defect
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - fetal shunts - ANSWER patent ductus arteriosus - ar-
tery connecting aorta to pulmonary artery
patent foramen ovale - hole connecting right atrium to left atrium
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - survival rates - ANSWER 3-5 year survival rates of 70%
for infants with stage 1 repari
Children who survive 12 months have 90% survival rate
2
,Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - treatment stage 1 - ANSWER 1-2 weeks old (norwood
procedure)
Enlarges aorta and connects to the right ventricle, shunt to pulmonary artery is created, pa-
tent ductus arteriosus is closed
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - treatment stage 2 - ANSWER 4-6 months old (glenn
procedure)
SVC is connected to pulmonary artery, shunt from norwood is removed
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - treatment stage 3 - ANSWER 18-36 months old (fontan
procedure)
IVC is connected to pulmonary artery, hole is made from the IVC conduit attached to the
right atrium
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - s/s - ANSWER cyanosis, pallor, sweaty/clammy/cool
skin, trouble breathing, rapid HR, cold feet, poor pedal pulses, poor feeding
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - testing - ANSWER during pregnancy - prenatal tests to
check for birth defects, ultrasound to identify HLLS, echocardiogram to show structures of
heart
after birth - based on s/s through pallor and cyanosis, newborn will experience s/s once
ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale close
echocardiogram
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - medication - ANSWER tube feedings, medications to
strengthen heart muscles, lower BP, and remove extra fluid
Parathyroid - function - ANSWER produces parathyroid hormone that regulates calcium
in the bloodstream/tissue - more PTH released = more calcium in bones released to
blood/tissue = losing density and strength
3
, Parathyroid - labs - ANSWER calcium (8.6-10.3 mg/dL)
PTH (11-51 pg/mL)
Parathyroid - s/s hyperparathyroid - ANSWER osteoporosis, kidney stones, excessive uri-
nation, abdominal pain, fatigue, forgetfulness, bone/joint pain
Parathyroid - s/s hypoparathyroid - ANSWER High PTH, low T3/T4
paresthesia, twitching of facial muscles, muscle pains/cramps, mood changes, dry/rough
skin
Parathyroid - testing - ANSWER ultrasound, bone densitometry, body CT/MRI
Parathyroid - medications - ANSWER calcimimetics, hormone replacement, biphospho-
nates
Parathyroid - treatment - ANSWER maintain low serum calcium level in hypoparathyroid
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome - definition - ANSWER progressive genetic disor-
der causing children to age rapidly - no cure - appears in first two years of life
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome - causes - ANSWER abberant splicing of the LMNA
making protein - progerin
Causes the nuclear envelope to surround the nucleus to be unstable and damages it, causing
it to die
test for LMNA mutation
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome - assessment - ANSWER measure height/weight,
plot measurements on normal growth curve chart, test hearing and vision
4
denum and jejunum
Celiac Disease - s/s - ANSWER Abdominal pain/distention, diarrhea (pale, greasy, bulky,
foul), malnutrition complications (rickets, occult blood, anemia), early bleeds/bruises, hypo-
magnesemia/hypocalcemia (irritability, tremors, convulsions, tetany, bone pain)
Celiac Disease - labs - ANSWER IgA-tTg, IgA-EMA, total IgA
Celiac Disease - testing - ANSWER serologic measurements of IgA antibodies and HLA-
DQ2 or HLA-DQ8, endoscopy with small intestine biopsy, duodenal biopsy
Sjoren's Syndrome - definition - ANSWER immune disorder characterized by dry mouth
and dry eyes, mostly in older women
Sjoren's Syndrome - testing - ANSWER SSA+ and SSB+
Cinnamon - Uses - ANSWER Lowers BG, Cholesterol, hypertension, risk of bleeding
Cinnamon - adverse efects - ANSWER avoid use with diabetic drugs, anticoagulants, and
heart meds - breastfeeding women should avoid as a treatment
Gingko Biloba - uses - ANSWER halt progression of dementia, used for erectile disfunction
1
,Gingko Biloba - adverse effects - ANSWER increases risk of bleeding (avoid using with an-
ticoagulants) and lowers seizure threshold
Glucosamine - uses - ANSWER osteoarthritis
Green Tea - uses - ANSWER lose weight, mental clarity
Green Tea - adverse effects - ANSWER hepatotoxicity, avoid taking with vasodilators/stim-
ulants/psychoactive medications, contains small amounts of vitamin K
Lavender - uses - ANSWER increases relaxation, helps with anxiety/stress/insomnia
Lavender - adverse effects - ANSWER constipation, headache, increase appetite, decrease
BP, caution with CNS depressants
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - structure - ANSWER LEFT ventricle is underdeveloped
Mitral valves not formed properly
Aortic valve not formed properly
Ascending aorta underdeveloped
Atrial septal defect
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - fetal shunts - ANSWER patent ductus arteriosus - ar-
tery connecting aorta to pulmonary artery
patent foramen ovale - hole connecting right atrium to left atrium
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - survival rates - ANSWER 3-5 year survival rates of 70%
for infants with stage 1 repari
Children who survive 12 months have 90% survival rate
2
,Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - treatment stage 1 - ANSWER 1-2 weeks old (norwood
procedure)
Enlarges aorta and connects to the right ventricle, shunt to pulmonary artery is created, pa-
tent ductus arteriosus is closed
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - treatment stage 2 - ANSWER 4-6 months old (glenn
procedure)
SVC is connected to pulmonary artery, shunt from norwood is removed
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - treatment stage 3 - ANSWER 18-36 months old (fontan
procedure)
IVC is connected to pulmonary artery, hole is made from the IVC conduit attached to the
right atrium
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - s/s - ANSWER cyanosis, pallor, sweaty/clammy/cool
skin, trouble breathing, rapid HR, cold feet, poor pedal pulses, poor feeding
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - testing - ANSWER during pregnancy - prenatal tests to
check for birth defects, ultrasound to identify HLLS, echocardiogram to show structures of
heart
after birth - based on s/s through pallor and cyanosis, newborn will experience s/s once
ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale close
echocardiogram
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - medication - ANSWER tube feedings, medications to
strengthen heart muscles, lower BP, and remove extra fluid
Parathyroid - function - ANSWER produces parathyroid hormone that regulates calcium
in the bloodstream/tissue - more PTH released = more calcium in bones released to
blood/tissue = losing density and strength
3
, Parathyroid - labs - ANSWER calcium (8.6-10.3 mg/dL)
PTH (11-51 pg/mL)
Parathyroid - s/s hyperparathyroid - ANSWER osteoporosis, kidney stones, excessive uri-
nation, abdominal pain, fatigue, forgetfulness, bone/joint pain
Parathyroid - s/s hypoparathyroid - ANSWER High PTH, low T3/T4
paresthesia, twitching of facial muscles, muscle pains/cramps, mood changes, dry/rough
skin
Parathyroid - testing - ANSWER ultrasound, bone densitometry, body CT/MRI
Parathyroid - medications - ANSWER calcimimetics, hormone replacement, biphospho-
nates
Parathyroid - treatment - ANSWER maintain low serum calcium level in hypoparathyroid
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome - definition - ANSWER progressive genetic disor-
der causing children to age rapidly - no cure - appears in first two years of life
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome - causes - ANSWER abberant splicing of the LMNA
making protein - progerin
Causes the nuclear envelope to surround the nucleus to be unstable and damages it, causing
it to die
test for LMNA mutation
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome - assessment - ANSWER measure height/weight,
plot measurements on normal growth curve chart, test hearing and vision
4
