MCB 3020 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
Microbes - Answers - Photosynthetic microbes changed the Earths atmosphere by
releasing oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis. Valuable ecosystem services and
maintain livability of the Earth. Organism that cannot be seen by the naked eye. NOT
ALL MICROBES CAUSE DISEASES!
Antimicrobial Agents - Answers - Chemicals that kill bacteria; naturally produced by
bacteria and fungi as defense mechanisms
Chemotherapeutics - Answers - General category of chemicals that protect against
diseases
Microbiology - Answers - branch of biology that deals with microbes
Infectious diseases - Answers - When microbes grow and multiply after entering the
body
1900 top causes of death: - Answers - Tuberculosis, pneumonia, diarrhea, enteritis
Top causes of death today: - Answers - Heart Disease, Cancer, Stroke
Why a decrease in the role of infectious diseases? - Answers - Dr. Asghari attributes
this decrease to the discovery of antibiotics, vaccines, & greater attention to sanitation.
(U.S. Department of Health recognized the role of dirty water in spreading infectious
diseases.- Recommended chlorination of drinking water to rid it of microbes.)
Aristotle - Answers - Spontaneous Generation: living things could spontaneously arise
from non-living things.
Louis Pasteur (The Father of Microbiology) - Answers - Disproved spontaneous
generation with the swan neck flask experiment. (Germ Theory of Disease).
Also known for his work on pasteurization (for eliminating unwanted organisms in wine),
working with vaccines for rabies, and perfected fermentation showing that yeast can
turn sugar to ethanol.
Robert Hooke - Answers - Coined the term "cell". All organisms are made of cells.
Antony Van Leeuwenhoek - Answers - Discovered the first microscope, first to visualize
microbes.
Edward Jenner - Answers - Developed first vaccine (smallpox vaccine).
He noticed that milkmaids almost never got the disease and hypothesized that it was
because they were already exposed to a similar diseases( cowpox), allowing them to
develop immunity.
,Tested this theory by having a young boy have cowpox and then injecting him with
smallpox.
His theory was correct. Smallpox- first human disease to be eradicated, no need for any
vaccines.
Ignaz Semmelweis - Answers - Advocated hand washing. Suggested that women were
more likely to die during childbirth at a hospital than at home because of the spread of
diseases.
John Snow - Answers - Began science of epidemiology how diseases spread). Showed
how cholera spreads in a contaminated water supply.
Robert Koch (Koch's Postulate) - Answers - Relationship between a microbe and a
disease. "One microbe, One disease". This theory does not always hold true.
Discovered Bacillus anthracis.
Paul Ehrlich - Answers - Mixed and matched chemicals to find magic bullets for a
disease.
Developed a drug called Salvarsann- treats syphilis
Alexander Fleming - Answers - Discovered penicillin, first antibiotic.
Frederick Griffith - Answers - Discovered genetic transformation
James Watson & Francis Crick - Answers - Discovered structure of DNA
Basic Research Microbiology - Answers - study of the classification of microbes ,
microbial processes, relationships between microbes and diseases.
Impact of microbes on CO2 & CH4 levels - Answers - Impact global climate change.
Greenhouses form a "blanket" that traps heat".
Need greenhouse gases, but too much in the atmosphere causes global temperatures
to gradually increase.
Applied Microbiology - Answers - application of our basic understanding or microbial
processes and interactions.
Three Domains of life - Answers - Bacteria, Archaea, ( Porkaryotes)
Eukarya (fungi, plants, animals, algae, protozoans)
Hallmarks of Cells (All cells, whether prokaryote or eukaryote have this) - Answers - -
Cell Membrane (controls what comes in and out)
-Genetic material, DNA in chromosomes
**Cells can have extrachromosmal DNA**
**Plasmids: small pieces of DNA that exist outside of the chromosome**
-Self replication
, -Regulation across membranes
-Similar macromolecules
-Energy use
Prokaryotes - Answers - - Less than 0.5 to 2 microns
-No nuclei, DNA integrated in a nucleoid region
-DNA is circular
-Have plasmids
-Ribosomes
-CAN have cells walls, but dont have to
-Have a more active cell membrane than eukaryotes (ATP produced along membrane)
-Faster gene expression
Larger SA to V ratio, allowing more efficient nutrient transport 3
-Binary Fission: division of cell into two
-Gas Vacuole: makes cells buoyant in an aquatic environment
-Inclusion bodies: used for storage of nutrients such as carbon and phosphate. (PHB:
poly-b-hydroxybutyrate, a carbon and energy source often stored here)
-Capsules and slime layers
-Pili and Fimbriae
-Endospore
Eukaryotes - Answers - -More than 10 microns large
-DNA in a nucleus
-DNA is linear
-Membrane bound organelles (mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts in plant cells,
lysosomes in animal cells , endoplasmic reticula)
*Mitochondria & Chloroplasts are though to have been integrated through
endosymbiosis.**
-Extrachromosomal DNA found in mitochondria and chlorplasts
-Ribosomes
-CAN have cells walls, but dont have to
-Less active cell membrane (ATP produced in mitochondria organelle
-Slower gene expression
Five-Kingdom system - Answers - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Prokaryotes grouped in Monera.
Eukaryotes grouped in the rest.
*Viruses are acellular & non-living, therefore not grouped into any group*
Plasmids - Answers - -Small pieces of DNA that exist outside of the chromosome.
-Can contain bacterial-resistance genes or disease causing genes.
-Can be transferred from one bacterium to another.
Most of what we know about the function of human genes comes from our
understanding of: - Answers - E.coli Bacteria
Microbes - Answers - Photosynthetic microbes changed the Earths atmosphere by
releasing oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis. Valuable ecosystem services and
maintain livability of the Earth. Organism that cannot be seen by the naked eye. NOT
ALL MICROBES CAUSE DISEASES!
Antimicrobial Agents - Answers - Chemicals that kill bacteria; naturally produced by
bacteria and fungi as defense mechanisms
Chemotherapeutics - Answers - General category of chemicals that protect against
diseases
Microbiology - Answers - branch of biology that deals with microbes
Infectious diseases - Answers - When microbes grow and multiply after entering the
body
1900 top causes of death: - Answers - Tuberculosis, pneumonia, diarrhea, enteritis
Top causes of death today: - Answers - Heart Disease, Cancer, Stroke
Why a decrease in the role of infectious diseases? - Answers - Dr. Asghari attributes
this decrease to the discovery of antibiotics, vaccines, & greater attention to sanitation.
(U.S. Department of Health recognized the role of dirty water in spreading infectious
diseases.- Recommended chlorination of drinking water to rid it of microbes.)
Aristotle - Answers - Spontaneous Generation: living things could spontaneously arise
from non-living things.
Louis Pasteur (The Father of Microbiology) - Answers - Disproved spontaneous
generation with the swan neck flask experiment. (Germ Theory of Disease).
Also known for his work on pasteurization (for eliminating unwanted organisms in wine),
working with vaccines for rabies, and perfected fermentation showing that yeast can
turn sugar to ethanol.
Robert Hooke - Answers - Coined the term "cell". All organisms are made of cells.
Antony Van Leeuwenhoek - Answers - Discovered the first microscope, first to visualize
microbes.
Edward Jenner - Answers - Developed first vaccine (smallpox vaccine).
He noticed that milkmaids almost never got the disease and hypothesized that it was
because they were already exposed to a similar diseases( cowpox), allowing them to
develop immunity.
,Tested this theory by having a young boy have cowpox and then injecting him with
smallpox.
His theory was correct. Smallpox- first human disease to be eradicated, no need for any
vaccines.
Ignaz Semmelweis - Answers - Advocated hand washing. Suggested that women were
more likely to die during childbirth at a hospital than at home because of the spread of
diseases.
John Snow - Answers - Began science of epidemiology how diseases spread). Showed
how cholera spreads in a contaminated water supply.
Robert Koch (Koch's Postulate) - Answers - Relationship between a microbe and a
disease. "One microbe, One disease". This theory does not always hold true.
Discovered Bacillus anthracis.
Paul Ehrlich - Answers - Mixed and matched chemicals to find magic bullets for a
disease.
Developed a drug called Salvarsann- treats syphilis
Alexander Fleming - Answers - Discovered penicillin, first antibiotic.
Frederick Griffith - Answers - Discovered genetic transformation
James Watson & Francis Crick - Answers - Discovered structure of DNA
Basic Research Microbiology - Answers - study of the classification of microbes ,
microbial processes, relationships between microbes and diseases.
Impact of microbes on CO2 & CH4 levels - Answers - Impact global climate change.
Greenhouses form a "blanket" that traps heat".
Need greenhouse gases, but too much in the atmosphere causes global temperatures
to gradually increase.
Applied Microbiology - Answers - application of our basic understanding or microbial
processes and interactions.
Three Domains of life - Answers - Bacteria, Archaea, ( Porkaryotes)
Eukarya (fungi, plants, animals, algae, protozoans)
Hallmarks of Cells (All cells, whether prokaryote or eukaryote have this) - Answers - -
Cell Membrane (controls what comes in and out)
-Genetic material, DNA in chromosomes
**Cells can have extrachromosmal DNA**
**Plasmids: small pieces of DNA that exist outside of the chromosome**
-Self replication
, -Regulation across membranes
-Similar macromolecules
-Energy use
Prokaryotes - Answers - - Less than 0.5 to 2 microns
-No nuclei, DNA integrated in a nucleoid region
-DNA is circular
-Have plasmids
-Ribosomes
-CAN have cells walls, but dont have to
-Have a more active cell membrane than eukaryotes (ATP produced along membrane)
-Faster gene expression
Larger SA to V ratio, allowing more efficient nutrient transport 3
-Binary Fission: division of cell into two
-Gas Vacuole: makes cells buoyant in an aquatic environment
-Inclusion bodies: used for storage of nutrients such as carbon and phosphate. (PHB:
poly-b-hydroxybutyrate, a carbon and energy source often stored here)
-Capsules and slime layers
-Pili and Fimbriae
-Endospore
Eukaryotes - Answers - -More than 10 microns large
-DNA in a nucleus
-DNA is linear
-Membrane bound organelles (mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts in plant cells,
lysosomes in animal cells , endoplasmic reticula)
*Mitochondria & Chloroplasts are though to have been integrated through
endosymbiosis.**
-Extrachromosomal DNA found in mitochondria and chlorplasts
-Ribosomes
-CAN have cells walls, but dont have to
-Less active cell membrane (ATP produced in mitochondria organelle
-Slower gene expression
Five-Kingdom system - Answers - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Prokaryotes grouped in Monera.
Eukaryotes grouped in the rest.
*Viruses are acellular & non-living, therefore not grouped into any group*
Plasmids - Answers - -Small pieces of DNA that exist outside of the chromosome.
-Can contain bacterial-resistance genes or disease causing genes.
-Can be transferred from one bacterium to another.
Most of what we know about the function of human genes comes from our
understanding of: - Answers - E.coli Bacteria
