AP PSYCH FINAL EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

AP PSYCH FINAL EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS



social psychology - cx cx




ansthe scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
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attribution theory - cx cx




ansthe theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the pe
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rson's disposition cx




fundamental attribution error - cx cx cx




ansthe tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the i
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mpact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
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attitude - cx




ansfeelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a patricular w
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ay to objects, people, and events
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central route persuasion - cx cx cx




ansattitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond w
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ith favorable thoughts
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peripheral route persuasion - cx cx cx




ansattitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a spea
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ker's attractiveness cx




foot in the door phenomenon -
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ansthe tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a l
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arger request cx




role - cx




ansa set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position
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ought to behave cx cx




cognitive dissonance theory - cx cx cx




ansthe theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our th
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oughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes an
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d of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
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conformity - ansadjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
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normative social influence - cx cx cx




ansinfluence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
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,social facilitation - ansstronger responses on simple or well-
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learned tasks in the presence of others
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social loafing - cx cx




ansthe tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward a
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ttaining a common goal than when individually accountable
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deindividuation - ansthe loss of self-awareness and self- cx cx cx cx cx cx cx




restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
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group polarization -cx cx




ansthe enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the grou
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p

group thinking - cx cx




ansthe mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-
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making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
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culture - cx




ansthe enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of peop
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le and transmitted from one generation to the next
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norm - ansan understood rule for accepted and expected behavior
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personal space - ansthe buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies
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prejudice - cx




ansan unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. prejudi
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ce generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discrim
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inatory action cx




stereotype - cx




ansa generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of p
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eople

discrimination - ansunjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members
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ingroup - ans"Us" - people with whom one shares a common identity
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outgroup - ans"them"—those perceived as different or apart from one's ingroup.
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ingroup bias - ansthe tendency to favor our own group
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scapegoat theory - cx cx




ansthe theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
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,other race effect - cx cx cx




ansthe tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other race
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s. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias
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just world phenomenon -
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ansthe tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what th
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ey deserve and deserve what they get
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agression - ansany physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
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frustration-agression principle - ansthe principle that frustration-- cx cx cx cx cx cx




the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal--
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creates anger, which can generate aggression cx cx cx cx cx




mere exposure effect - cx cx cx




ansthe phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
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passionate love - cx cx




ansan aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the begin
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ning of a love relationship
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companionate love - cx cx




ansthe deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
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equity - cx




ansa condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to
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it
x




self-disclosure - ansrevealing intimate aspects of oneself to others cx cx cx cx cx cx cx cx




altruism - ansunselfish regard for the welfare of others
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bystander effect - cx cx




ansthe tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are
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present

social exchange theory - cx cx cx




ansthe theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maxim
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ize benefits and minimize costs
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reciprocity norm - cx cx




ansan expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
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social-responsibilty norm - cx cx




ansAn expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
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, conflict - ansa perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
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social trap - cx cx




ansa situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-
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interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
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mirror-image perceptions - cx cx




ansmutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical a
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nd peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
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self-fulfilling prophecy - ansa belief that leads to its own fulfillment
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superordinate goals - cx cx




ansshared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
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GRIT - ansGraduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-
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Reduction, strategy designed to decrease international tensions.
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informational social influence - cx cx cx




ansinfluence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
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ecletic approach - cx cx




ansAn approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the clients problems, uses techniqu
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es from various forms of therapy.
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psychotherapy - cx




anstreatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a traine
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d therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve person
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al growth cx




resistance - ansin psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-
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laden material cx




psychoanalysis - cx




ansFreud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motiv
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es and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expo
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se and interpret unconscious tensions
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interpretation - cx




ansin psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and ot
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her significant behaviors in order to promote insight
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transference - cx




ansin psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other rela
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tionships