HESI A2 ANATOMY &PHYSIOLOGY PRACTICE
EXAM |COMPLETE QUESTIONS, CORRECT
ANSWERS & DETAILED RATIONALES
What occurs in muscle fibers during contraction? - ANS✔✔-Myosin & actin
filaments slide together.
What structures make up muscle cells? - ANS✔✔-Myofibrils made up of
sarcomeres.
What must be present for a muscle cell to contract? - ANS✔✔-Calcium and
ATP
What does nervous stimulation from motor neurons cause in the muscles?
- ANS✔✔-Release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
What is the function of calcium in muscle contraction? - ANS✔✔-Attach to
inhibitory proteins on the actin filaments of the muscle cell, moving them
aside.
This forms cross bridges between actin and myosin filaments.
Why are the skeletal muscles of the muscular system considered
voluntary? - ANS✔✔-Because they are under conscious control.
How do skeletal muscles work? - ANS✔✔-In pairs: the prime mover and
the antagonist.
What is the function of the prime mover? - ANS✔✔-The muscle that
executes a given movement.
What is the function of the antagonist? - ANS✔✔-The muscles that
executes the opposite movement of the prime mover.
What are synergists? - ANS✔✔-Muscles that work together with the prime
mover.
,How are muscles classified? - ANS✔✔-According to the movements they
elicit
What are the two classifications of muscles? - ANS✔✔-Flexors and
extensors.
What is the function of flexors? - ANS✔✔-Reduce the angle at the joint.
What is the function of extensors? - ANS✔✔-Increase the angle at the joint.
What is the function of an abductor muscle? - ANS✔✔-Draw a limb away
from the midline of the body.
What is the function of adductors? - ANS✔✔-Return the limb back toward
the body.
What makes up the nervous system? - ANS✔✔-The brain, spinal cord &
nerves.
What are the functional units of the nervous system? - ANS✔✔-The
neuron.
What are the main parts of the neuron? - ANS✔✔-Cell body
Axon
Dendrites
What is the function of the dendrites? - ANS✔✔-Transmit impulses toward
the cell body
What is the function of the axon? - ANS✔✔-Transmit impulses away from
the body
What two systems make up the nervous system? - ANS✔✔-CNS-Central
nervous system
PNS-Peripheral nervous system
What makes up the PNS? - ANS✔✔-All the nerves that transmit
information to and from the CNS.
, What is the function of sensory (afferent) neurons? - ANS✔✔-Transmit
information to and from the CNS.
What is the function of Motor (efferent) neurons? - ANS✔✔-Transmit nerve
impulses away from the CNS toward the effector organs such as muscles,
glands, and digestive organs.
What are the 3 major parts of the brain? - ANS✔✔-Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
What is the function of the cerebrum? - ANS✔✔-Movement & sensory
input.
What is the function of the cerebellum? - ANS✔✔-Muscular coordination.
What is the function of the medulla oblongata? - ANS✔✔-Controls vital
functions such as respiration and heart rate.
How long is the spinal cord? - ANS✔✔-18 inches long and extends from
the base of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebrae.
How many pairs of nerves exit the spinal cord? - ANS✔✔-31 pairs of
nerves exit the spinal cord.
What are simple (spinal) reflexes? - ANS✔✔-Those in which nerve
impulses travel through the spinal cord only and do not reach the brain.
What is the function of the endocrine system? - ANS✔✔-Assist the nervous
system in homeostasis and plays important roles in sexual maturation.
Where do the endocrine and nervous system meet? - ANS✔✔-The
hypothalamus and pituitary gland
What does the hypothalamus govern? - ANS✔✔-The pituitary gland and is
controlled by the feedback of hormones in the blood.
EXAM |COMPLETE QUESTIONS, CORRECT
ANSWERS & DETAILED RATIONALES
What occurs in muscle fibers during contraction? - ANS✔✔-Myosin & actin
filaments slide together.
What structures make up muscle cells? - ANS✔✔-Myofibrils made up of
sarcomeres.
What must be present for a muscle cell to contract? - ANS✔✔-Calcium and
ATP
What does nervous stimulation from motor neurons cause in the muscles?
- ANS✔✔-Release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
What is the function of calcium in muscle contraction? - ANS✔✔-Attach to
inhibitory proteins on the actin filaments of the muscle cell, moving them
aside.
This forms cross bridges between actin and myosin filaments.
Why are the skeletal muscles of the muscular system considered
voluntary? - ANS✔✔-Because they are under conscious control.
How do skeletal muscles work? - ANS✔✔-In pairs: the prime mover and
the antagonist.
What is the function of the prime mover? - ANS✔✔-The muscle that
executes a given movement.
What is the function of the antagonist? - ANS✔✔-The muscles that
executes the opposite movement of the prime mover.
What are synergists? - ANS✔✔-Muscles that work together with the prime
mover.
,How are muscles classified? - ANS✔✔-According to the movements they
elicit
What are the two classifications of muscles? - ANS✔✔-Flexors and
extensors.
What is the function of flexors? - ANS✔✔-Reduce the angle at the joint.
What is the function of extensors? - ANS✔✔-Increase the angle at the joint.
What is the function of an abductor muscle? - ANS✔✔-Draw a limb away
from the midline of the body.
What is the function of adductors? - ANS✔✔-Return the limb back toward
the body.
What makes up the nervous system? - ANS✔✔-The brain, spinal cord &
nerves.
What are the functional units of the nervous system? - ANS✔✔-The
neuron.
What are the main parts of the neuron? - ANS✔✔-Cell body
Axon
Dendrites
What is the function of the dendrites? - ANS✔✔-Transmit impulses toward
the cell body
What is the function of the axon? - ANS✔✔-Transmit impulses away from
the body
What two systems make up the nervous system? - ANS✔✔-CNS-Central
nervous system
PNS-Peripheral nervous system
What makes up the PNS? - ANS✔✔-All the nerves that transmit
information to and from the CNS.
, What is the function of sensory (afferent) neurons? - ANS✔✔-Transmit
information to and from the CNS.
What is the function of Motor (efferent) neurons? - ANS✔✔-Transmit nerve
impulses away from the CNS toward the effector organs such as muscles,
glands, and digestive organs.
What are the 3 major parts of the brain? - ANS✔✔-Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
What is the function of the cerebrum? - ANS✔✔-Movement & sensory
input.
What is the function of the cerebellum? - ANS✔✔-Muscular coordination.
What is the function of the medulla oblongata? - ANS✔✔-Controls vital
functions such as respiration and heart rate.
How long is the spinal cord? - ANS✔✔-18 inches long and extends from
the base of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebrae.
How many pairs of nerves exit the spinal cord? - ANS✔✔-31 pairs of
nerves exit the spinal cord.
What are simple (spinal) reflexes? - ANS✔✔-Those in which nerve
impulses travel through the spinal cord only and do not reach the brain.
What is the function of the endocrine system? - ANS✔✔-Assist the nervous
system in homeostasis and plays important roles in sexual maturation.
Where do the endocrine and nervous system meet? - ANS✔✔-The
hypothalamus and pituitary gland
What does the hypothalamus govern? - ANS✔✔-The pituitary gland and is
controlled by the feedback of hormones in the blood.
