BIO 152 MODULE 6 EXAM: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II (LATEST 2025/2026 UPDATE)
- PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 16TH EDITION BY GERARD J. TORTORA AND
BRYAN H. DERRICKSON - ACE YOUR EXA QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) PLUS RATIONALES 2026 Q&A |LATEST EXAM UPDATE 2026/2027.
Section One: Questions 1–100
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of structures through which blood flows as
it travels from the venae cavae to the lungs?
A. Right atrium, bicuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve
B. Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve
C. Left atrium, tricuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve
D. Right ventricle, tricuspid valve, right atrium, pulmonary semilunar valve
🟢 B. Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve
🔴 RATIONALE: Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via the superior and inferior venae
cavae into the right atrium, passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, and is
pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk toward the lungs.
A patient presents with acute inflammation of the pericardium. Which clinical sign is most
characteristic of this condition during auscultation?
A. Pericardial friction rub
B. Systolic murmur
C. Diastolic murmur
D. Opening snap
🟢 A. Pericardial friction rub
🔴 RATIONALE: Inflammation of the pericardium (pericarditis) causes the visceral and parietal
layers of the serous pericardium to rub against each other, creating a scratching or creaking sound
known as a pericardial friction rub.
,During ventricular systole, which of the following events occurs simultaneously?
A. The atria contract and the AV valves close.
B. The ventricles contract and the semilunar valves close.
C. The ventricles contract, the AV valves close, and the semilunar valves open.
D. The atria relax, the AV valves open, and the semilunar valves close.
🟢 C. The ventricles contract, the AV valves close, and the semilunar valves open.
🔴 RATIONALE: Ventricular systole is the contraction phase of the ventricles. The rising ventricular
pressure forces the atrioventricular (AV) valves shut to prevent backflow and forces the semilunar
valves open to eject blood.
An emergency department nurse is caring for a patient who requires an immediate blood
transfusion but whose blood type is unknown. Which blood type can be safely administered in an
emergency?
A. AB positive
B. O positive
C. AB negative
D. O negative
🟢 D. O negative
🔴 RATIONALE: Type O negative blood lacks A, B, and Rh antigens on the surface of the
erythrocytes, meaning it will not react with anti-A, anti-B, or anti-Rh antibodies in the recipient's
plasma, making it the universal donor.
What is the primary physiological function of erythropoietin (EPO)?
A. To stimulate the production of platelets in response to tissue injury.
B. To stimulate red blood cell production in the red bone marrow.
C. To promote leukocyte differentiation during an acute infection.
D. To regulate plasma volume by conserving sodium in the kidneys.
,🟢 B. To stimulate red blood cell production in the red bone marrow.
🔴 RATIONALE: Erythropoietin is a hormone released primarily by the kidneys in response to
hypoxia, which acts on the red bone marrow to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of
erythrocyte progenitor cells.
A clinical laboratory scientist observes a high concentration of immature, nucleated red blood cells
in a peripheral blood smear. What are these cells called?
A. Reticulocytes
B. Megakaryocytes
C. Reticulocytes
D. Erythroblasts
🟢 D. Erythroblasts
🔴 RATIONALE: Erythroblasts are immature red blood cells that still contain a nucleus. While
reticulocytes are also immature, they have extruded their nucleus and contain a reticulum of
ribosomal RNA.
Which wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents ventricular depolarization?
A. P wave
B. QRS complex
C. T wave
D. U wave
🟢 B. QRS complex
🔴 RATIONALE: The QRS complex represents the rapid depolarization of the ventricles, which
precedes ventricular contraction.
A researcher blocks the action of the sinoatrial (SA) node in an animal model. What structure would
expectedly take over as the primary pacemaker of the heart, and at what intrinsic rate?
, A. Purkinje fibers; 15-40 beats per minute
B. Atrioventricular (AV) node; 40-60 beats per minute
C. Atrioventricular (AV) bundle; 20-30 beats per minute
D. Left bundle branch; 60-80 beats per minute
🟢 B. Atrioventricular (AV) node; 40-60 beats per minute
🔴 RATIONALE: If the SA node fails, the AV node assumes the pacemaker role because it
possesses the next highest rate of spontaneous diastolic depolarization (autorhythmicity), typically
40-60 beats per minute.
In a clinical setting, a nurse monitors a patient for signs of a hemolytic transfusion reaction. Which
ethical principle is most directly upheld by performing careful blood type verification prior to
transfusion?
A. Autonomy
B. Non-maleficence
C. Veracity
D. Justice
🟢 B. Non-maleficence
🔴 RATIONALE: Non-maleficence means "do no harm." double-checking blood compatibility
minimizes the risk of a life-threatening hemolytic reaction, directly protecting the patient from harm.
According to the Frank-Starling law of the heart, what is the primary determinant of stroke volume?
A. The heart rate
B. The degree of stretch of the ventricular cardiac muscle cells before contraction
C. The total peripheral resistance of the systemic vasculature
D. The concentration of extracellular calcium ions
🟢 B. The degree of stretch of the ventricular cardiac muscle cells before contraction
🔴 RATIONALE: The Frank-Starling law states that the stroke volume of the heart increases in
- PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 16TH EDITION BY GERARD J. TORTORA AND
BRYAN H. DERRICKSON - ACE YOUR EXA QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) PLUS RATIONALES 2026 Q&A |LATEST EXAM UPDATE 2026/2027.
Section One: Questions 1–100
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of structures through which blood flows as
it travels from the venae cavae to the lungs?
A. Right atrium, bicuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve
B. Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve
C. Left atrium, tricuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve
D. Right ventricle, tricuspid valve, right atrium, pulmonary semilunar valve
🟢 B. Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve
🔴 RATIONALE: Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via the superior and inferior venae
cavae into the right atrium, passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, and is
pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk toward the lungs.
A patient presents with acute inflammation of the pericardium. Which clinical sign is most
characteristic of this condition during auscultation?
A. Pericardial friction rub
B. Systolic murmur
C. Diastolic murmur
D. Opening snap
🟢 A. Pericardial friction rub
🔴 RATIONALE: Inflammation of the pericardium (pericarditis) causes the visceral and parietal
layers of the serous pericardium to rub against each other, creating a scratching or creaking sound
known as a pericardial friction rub.
,During ventricular systole, which of the following events occurs simultaneously?
A. The atria contract and the AV valves close.
B. The ventricles contract and the semilunar valves close.
C. The ventricles contract, the AV valves close, and the semilunar valves open.
D. The atria relax, the AV valves open, and the semilunar valves close.
🟢 C. The ventricles contract, the AV valves close, and the semilunar valves open.
🔴 RATIONALE: Ventricular systole is the contraction phase of the ventricles. The rising ventricular
pressure forces the atrioventricular (AV) valves shut to prevent backflow and forces the semilunar
valves open to eject blood.
An emergency department nurse is caring for a patient who requires an immediate blood
transfusion but whose blood type is unknown. Which blood type can be safely administered in an
emergency?
A. AB positive
B. O positive
C. AB negative
D. O negative
🟢 D. O negative
🔴 RATIONALE: Type O negative blood lacks A, B, and Rh antigens on the surface of the
erythrocytes, meaning it will not react with anti-A, anti-B, or anti-Rh antibodies in the recipient's
plasma, making it the universal donor.
What is the primary physiological function of erythropoietin (EPO)?
A. To stimulate the production of platelets in response to tissue injury.
B. To stimulate red blood cell production in the red bone marrow.
C. To promote leukocyte differentiation during an acute infection.
D. To regulate plasma volume by conserving sodium in the kidneys.
,🟢 B. To stimulate red blood cell production in the red bone marrow.
🔴 RATIONALE: Erythropoietin is a hormone released primarily by the kidneys in response to
hypoxia, which acts on the red bone marrow to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of
erythrocyte progenitor cells.
A clinical laboratory scientist observes a high concentration of immature, nucleated red blood cells
in a peripheral blood smear. What are these cells called?
A. Reticulocytes
B. Megakaryocytes
C. Reticulocytes
D. Erythroblasts
🟢 D. Erythroblasts
🔴 RATIONALE: Erythroblasts are immature red blood cells that still contain a nucleus. While
reticulocytes are also immature, they have extruded their nucleus and contain a reticulum of
ribosomal RNA.
Which wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents ventricular depolarization?
A. P wave
B. QRS complex
C. T wave
D. U wave
🟢 B. QRS complex
🔴 RATIONALE: The QRS complex represents the rapid depolarization of the ventricles, which
precedes ventricular contraction.
A researcher blocks the action of the sinoatrial (SA) node in an animal model. What structure would
expectedly take over as the primary pacemaker of the heart, and at what intrinsic rate?
, A. Purkinje fibers; 15-40 beats per minute
B. Atrioventricular (AV) node; 40-60 beats per minute
C. Atrioventricular (AV) bundle; 20-30 beats per minute
D. Left bundle branch; 60-80 beats per minute
🟢 B. Atrioventricular (AV) node; 40-60 beats per minute
🔴 RATIONALE: If the SA node fails, the AV node assumes the pacemaker role because it
possesses the next highest rate of spontaneous diastolic depolarization (autorhythmicity), typically
40-60 beats per minute.
In a clinical setting, a nurse monitors a patient for signs of a hemolytic transfusion reaction. Which
ethical principle is most directly upheld by performing careful blood type verification prior to
transfusion?
A. Autonomy
B. Non-maleficence
C. Veracity
D. Justice
🟢 B. Non-maleficence
🔴 RATIONALE: Non-maleficence means "do no harm." double-checking blood compatibility
minimizes the risk of a life-threatening hemolytic reaction, directly protecting the patient from harm.
According to the Frank-Starling law of the heart, what is the primary determinant of stroke volume?
A. The heart rate
B. The degree of stretch of the ventricular cardiac muscle cells before contraction
C. The total peripheral resistance of the systemic vasculature
D. The concentration of extracellular calcium ions
🟢 B. The degree of stretch of the ventricular cardiac muscle cells before contraction
🔴 RATIONALE: The Frank-Starling law states that the stroke volume of the heart increases in
