NS 2881 EXAM PREP EXAM WITH CORRECT ACTUAL QUESTIONS
AND CORRECTLY WELL DEFINED ANSWERS LATEST ALREADY
GRADED A+ 2025 – 2026
how do anti-tussives aid in clearing mucus from the airways? - DETAILED ANSWER-they dont.
they inhibit cough rexlex and therefor hinder mucus clearance. should not be given for a
productive cough.
how do expectorants aid in clearing mucus from the airways? - DETAILED ANSWER-they
increase the production of thin, fluid mucus so it is easier to move out of airways. not ideal with a
productive cough where mucus secretion is already increased.
how do mucolytics aid in clearing mucus from the airways? - DETAILED ANSWER-they change
the viscosity of secreted mucus to make it easier to move out of aiways. does not change
secretions, but changes properties of already increased secretions of mucus.
how do decongestants aid in clearing mucus from the airways? - DETAILED ANSWERthey inhibit
mucus production by inhibiting blood supply to mucus glands via alpha adrenergic effects
how do anti-histamines aid in clearing mucus from the airways? - DETAILED ANSWERthey act
on H1 histamine receptors to reduce inflammatory reaction. have many anti-muscarinic effects if
1st generation.
,how do anti-muscarinics aid in clearing mucus from the airways? - DETAILED ANSWERthey
inhibit mucus secretion by inhibiting the M3 receptors on the mucus glands
how do SABA's aid in clearing mucus from the airways? - DETAILED ANSWER-they cause
bronchdilation by stimulating beta 2 receptors on smooth muscle cells. usually inhaled, lasts 4 to
6 hours, rapid onset of action (2-3 mins)
how do LABA's aid in clearing mucus from the airways? - DETAILED ANSWER-they cause
bronchodilation by stimulating beta 2 receptors on smooth muscle cells and also reduce mast cell
degranulation. effects last up to 24 hours. onset differs. usually inhaled.
how do anticholinergics aid in clearing mucus from the airways? - DETAILED ANSWERthey bind
to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and blocks them. this inhibits effects of parasympathetic
nervous system, therefor inhibiting bronchconstriction and mucus production. in measuring
respiratory function, blood gases can be measured. what type of blood should be examined? -
DETAILED ANSWER-arterial blood.
what are the properties of arterial blood? - DETAILED ANSWER-it should be saturated with
oxygen and have a persistent level of carbon dioxide.
describe Ficks Law - DETAILED ANSWER-relates to gas flow between two areas eg.
alveoli and blood. key properties affecting flow: partial
pressure difference diffusing area thickness of
membrane or fluid to diffuse through
which disease affects the diffusing area (Ficks law)? - DETAILED ANSWER-Emphysema- alveoli
and blood vessels are destroyed
, which diseases affects the thickness of the membrane or fluid to diffuse through
(Ficks law)? - DETAILED ANSWER-pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
minute ventilation - DETAILED ANSWER-the amount of air coming in and out of lungs every
minute
alveolar ventilation - DETAILED ANSWER-the amount of air getting down into alveoli every
minute
what are the 3 conditions which lead to obstruction of the airway? - DETAILED
ANSWER-changes in airway wall material in airway lumen external pressure on airway
wall
how do changes in the airway wall increase resistance? whats a chronic condition that this
occurs in? - DETAILED ANSWER-resistance is increased by inflammation or hypersensitivity
resulting in obstruction- Asthma
how does material in the lumen increase resistance? whats a chronic condition that this occurs
in? - DETAILED ANSWER-usually mucus, causes obstruction and traps pathogens resulting in
respiratory infections- Chronic Bronchitis
how does external pressure on airway walls cause increased resistance? whats a chronic
condition that this occurs in? - DETAILED ANSWER-when tissue is damaged it cant support
forced exhalation- Emphysema
which vessels are most likely to cause increased resistance and collapse in forced exhalation? -
DETAILED ANSWER-small bronchioles
AND CORRECTLY WELL DEFINED ANSWERS LATEST ALREADY
GRADED A+ 2025 – 2026
how do anti-tussives aid in clearing mucus from the airways? - DETAILED ANSWER-they dont.
they inhibit cough rexlex and therefor hinder mucus clearance. should not be given for a
productive cough.
how do expectorants aid in clearing mucus from the airways? - DETAILED ANSWER-they
increase the production of thin, fluid mucus so it is easier to move out of airways. not ideal with a
productive cough where mucus secretion is already increased.
how do mucolytics aid in clearing mucus from the airways? - DETAILED ANSWER-they change
the viscosity of secreted mucus to make it easier to move out of aiways. does not change
secretions, but changes properties of already increased secretions of mucus.
how do decongestants aid in clearing mucus from the airways? - DETAILED ANSWERthey inhibit
mucus production by inhibiting blood supply to mucus glands via alpha adrenergic effects
how do anti-histamines aid in clearing mucus from the airways? - DETAILED ANSWERthey act
on H1 histamine receptors to reduce inflammatory reaction. have many anti-muscarinic effects if
1st generation.
,how do anti-muscarinics aid in clearing mucus from the airways? - DETAILED ANSWERthey
inhibit mucus secretion by inhibiting the M3 receptors on the mucus glands
how do SABA's aid in clearing mucus from the airways? - DETAILED ANSWER-they cause
bronchdilation by stimulating beta 2 receptors on smooth muscle cells. usually inhaled, lasts 4 to
6 hours, rapid onset of action (2-3 mins)
how do LABA's aid in clearing mucus from the airways? - DETAILED ANSWER-they cause
bronchodilation by stimulating beta 2 receptors on smooth muscle cells and also reduce mast cell
degranulation. effects last up to 24 hours. onset differs. usually inhaled.
how do anticholinergics aid in clearing mucus from the airways? - DETAILED ANSWERthey bind
to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and blocks them. this inhibits effects of parasympathetic
nervous system, therefor inhibiting bronchconstriction and mucus production. in measuring
respiratory function, blood gases can be measured. what type of blood should be examined? -
DETAILED ANSWER-arterial blood.
what are the properties of arterial blood? - DETAILED ANSWER-it should be saturated with
oxygen and have a persistent level of carbon dioxide.
describe Ficks Law - DETAILED ANSWER-relates to gas flow between two areas eg.
alveoli and blood. key properties affecting flow: partial
pressure difference diffusing area thickness of
membrane or fluid to diffuse through
which disease affects the diffusing area (Ficks law)? - DETAILED ANSWER-Emphysema- alveoli
and blood vessels are destroyed
, which diseases affects the thickness of the membrane or fluid to diffuse through
(Ficks law)? - DETAILED ANSWER-pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
minute ventilation - DETAILED ANSWER-the amount of air coming in and out of lungs every
minute
alveolar ventilation - DETAILED ANSWER-the amount of air getting down into alveoli every
minute
what are the 3 conditions which lead to obstruction of the airway? - DETAILED
ANSWER-changes in airway wall material in airway lumen external pressure on airway
wall
how do changes in the airway wall increase resistance? whats a chronic condition that this
occurs in? - DETAILED ANSWER-resistance is increased by inflammation or hypersensitivity
resulting in obstruction- Asthma
how does material in the lumen increase resistance? whats a chronic condition that this occurs
in? - DETAILED ANSWER-usually mucus, causes obstruction and traps pathogens resulting in
respiratory infections- Chronic Bronchitis
how does external pressure on airway walls cause increased resistance? whats a chronic
condition that this occurs in? - DETAILED ANSWER-when tissue is damaged it cant support
forced exhalation- Emphysema
which vessels are most likely to cause increased resistance and collapse in forced exhalation? -
DETAILED ANSWER-small bronchioles
