application in different contexts. Law students often need to differentiate between nuanced legal principles, which can be difficult for those without experience in the
field.Moreover, law exams tend to be long and require detailed written responses. These exams test the student’s ability to construct well-organized, persuasive arguments within a limited
amount of time. Many law students report difficulty with time management, as they must balance legal analysis with the need for coherent
Exams1.1. Overview of Business EducationBusiness education prepares students for leadership and management roles in various industries. It focuses on critical
thinking, decision-making, problem-solving, and understanding organizational processes. A typical business program might cover topics like accounting
,application in different contexts. Law students often need to differentiate between nuanced legal principles, which can be difficult for those without experience in the field.Moreover, law
exams tend to be long and require detailed written responses. These exams test the student’s ability to construct well-organized, persuasive arguments within a limited amount of time. Many
law students report difficulty with time management, as they must balance legal analysis with the need for coherent Business EducationBusiness education prepares students for leadership
and management roles in various industries. It focuses on critical thinking, decision-making, problem-solving, and understanding organizational processes. A typical business program might
cover topics like accounting
EDMUNDS' PHARMACOLOGY FOR THE PRIMARY CARE
PROVIDER 5TH EDITION BY CONSTANCE G VISOVSKY
Chapter 01: Prescriptive Authority and Role Implementation: Tradition vs. Change
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following has influenced an emphasis on primary care education in medical
schools?
a. Changes in Medicare reimbursement
methods recommended in 1992
b. Competition from nonphysicians
desiring to meet primary care shortages
c. The need for monopolistic control in
the marketplace of primary outpatient
care
d. The recognition that nonphysicians
have variable success providing primary
care
ANS: A
The Physician Payment Review Commission in 1992 directly increased financial
reimbursement to clinicians who provide primary care. Coupled with a shortage of
primary care providers, this incentive led medical schools to place greater emphasis on
preparing primary care physicians. Competition from nonphysicians increased
coincidentally as professionals from other disciplines stepped up to meet the needs.
Nonphysicians have had increasing success at providing primary care and have been
shown to be safe and effective.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge) REF: 2
2. Which of the following statements is true about the prescribing practices of physicians?
a. Older physicians tend to prescribe
more appropriate medications than
younger physicians.
b. Antibiotic medications remain in the top
five classifications of medications
prescribed.
, c. Most physicians rely on a “therapeutic
armamentarium” that consists of less than
100 drug preparations per physician.
d. The dominant form of drug information
used by primary care physicians
continues to be that provided by
pharmaceutical companies.
ANS: D
Even though most physicians claim to place little weight on drug advertisements,
pharmaceutical representatives, and patient preference and state that they rely on
academic sources for drug information, a study showed that commercial rather than
scientific sources of drug information dominated their drug information materials.
Younger physicians tend to prescribe fewer and more appropriate drugs. Antibiotics have
dropped out of the top five classifications of drugs prescribed. Most physicians have a
therapeutic armamentarium of about 144 drugs.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge) REF: 3
application in different contexts. Law students often need to differentiate between nuanced legal principles, which can be difficult for those without experience in the field.Moreover,
law exams tend to be long and require detailed written responses. These exams test the student’s ability to construct well-organized, persuasive arguments within a limited amount of
time. Many law students report difficulty with time management, as they must balance legal analysis with the need for coherent of Business EducationBusiness education prepares
students for leadership and management roles in various industries. It focuses on critical thinking, decision-making, problem-solving, and understanding organizational processes. A
typical business program might cover topics like accounting
3. As primary care nurse practitioners (NPs) continue to develop their role as prescribers of
medications, it will be important to:
a. attain the same level of expertise as
physicians who currently prescribe
medications.
b. learn from the experiences of physicians
and develop expertise based on
evidence- based practice.
c. maintain collaborative and supervisorial
relationships with physicians who will
oversee prescribing practices.
d. develop relationships with
pharmaceutical representatives to learn
about new medications as they are
developed.
ANS: B
As nonphysicians develop the roles associated with prescriptive authority, it will be
important to learn from the past experiences of physicians and to develop prescribing
practices based on evidence-based medicine. It is hoped that all prescribers, including
physicians and nurse practitioners, will strive to do better than in the past. NPs should
work toward prescriptive authority and for practice that is not supervised by another
professional. Pharmaceutical representatives provide information that carries some bias.
Academic sources are better.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application) REF: 4
, Chapter 02: Historical Review of Prescriptive Authority: The Role of Nurses (NPs,
CNMs, CRNAs, and CNSs) and Physician Assistants
Test Bank
application in different contexts. Law students often need to differentiate between nuanced legal principles, which can be difficult for those without experience in the field.Moreover, law exams tend to be long and
require detailed written responses. These exams test the student’s ability to construct well-organized, persuasive arguments within a limited amount of time. Many law students report difficulty with time
management, as they must balance legal analysis with the need for coherent EducationBusiness education prepares students for leadership and management roles in various industries. It focuses on critical thinking,
decision-making, problem-solving, and understanding organizational processes. A typical business program might cover topics like accounting
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A primary care NP will begin practicing in a state in which the governor has opted out of
the federal facility reimbursement requirement. The NP should be aware that this defines
how NPs may write prescriptions:
a. without physician supervision in
private practice.
b. as CRNAs without physician
supervision in a hospital setting.
c. in any situation but will not be
reimbursed for this by government
insurers.
d. only with physician supervision in
both private practice and a hospital
setting.
ANS: B
In 2001, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services changed the federal physician
supervision rule for CRNAs to allow state governors to opt out, allowing CRNAs to write
prescriptions and dispense drugs without physician supervision.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: 9
2. CRNAs in most states:
a. must have a Drug Enforcement
Administration (DEA) number to
practice.
b. must have prescriptive authority
to practice.
c. order and administer controlled
substances but do not have full
prescriptive authority.
d. administer medications, including
controlled substances, under
direct physician supervision.
ANS: C
Only five states grant independent prescriptive authority to CRNAs. CRNAs do not
require prescriptive authority because they dispense a drug immediately to a patient and
do not prescribe. Without prescriptive authority, they do not need a DEA number.
field.Moreover, law exams tend to be long and require detailed written responses. These exams test the student’s ability to construct well-organized, persuasive arguments within a limited
amount of time. Many law students report difficulty with time management, as they must balance legal analysis with the need for coherent
Exams1.1. Overview of Business EducationBusiness education prepares students for leadership and management roles in various industries. It focuses on critical
thinking, decision-making, problem-solving, and understanding organizational processes. A typical business program might cover topics like accounting
,application in different contexts. Law students often need to differentiate between nuanced legal principles, which can be difficult for those without experience in the field.Moreover, law
exams tend to be long and require detailed written responses. These exams test the student’s ability to construct well-organized, persuasive arguments within a limited amount of time. Many
law students report difficulty with time management, as they must balance legal analysis with the need for coherent Business EducationBusiness education prepares students for leadership
and management roles in various industries. It focuses on critical thinking, decision-making, problem-solving, and understanding organizational processes. A typical business program might
cover topics like accounting
EDMUNDS' PHARMACOLOGY FOR THE PRIMARY CARE
PROVIDER 5TH EDITION BY CONSTANCE G VISOVSKY
Chapter 01: Prescriptive Authority and Role Implementation: Tradition vs. Change
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following has influenced an emphasis on primary care education in medical
schools?
a. Changes in Medicare reimbursement
methods recommended in 1992
b. Competition from nonphysicians
desiring to meet primary care shortages
c. The need for monopolistic control in
the marketplace of primary outpatient
care
d. The recognition that nonphysicians
have variable success providing primary
care
ANS: A
The Physician Payment Review Commission in 1992 directly increased financial
reimbursement to clinicians who provide primary care. Coupled with a shortage of
primary care providers, this incentive led medical schools to place greater emphasis on
preparing primary care physicians. Competition from nonphysicians increased
coincidentally as professionals from other disciplines stepped up to meet the needs.
Nonphysicians have had increasing success at providing primary care and have been
shown to be safe and effective.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge) REF: 2
2. Which of the following statements is true about the prescribing practices of physicians?
a. Older physicians tend to prescribe
more appropriate medications than
younger physicians.
b. Antibiotic medications remain in the top
five classifications of medications
prescribed.
, c. Most physicians rely on a “therapeutic
armamentarium” that consists of less than
100 drug preparations per physician.
d. The dominant form of drug information
used by primary care physicians
continues to be that provided by
pharmaceutical companies.
ANS: D
Even though most physicians claim to place little weight on drug advertisements,
pharmaceutical representatives, and patient preference and state that they rely on
academic sources for drug information, a study showed that commercial rather than
scientific sources of drug information dominated their drug information materials.
Younger physicians tend to prescribe fewer and more appropriate drugs. Antibiotics have
dropped out of the top five classifications of drugs prescribed. Most physicians have a
therapeutic armamentarium of about 144 drugs.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge) REF: 3
application in different contexts. Law students often need to differentiate between nuanced legal principles, which can be difficult for those without experience in the field.Moreover,
law exams tend to be long and require detailed written responses. These exams test the student’s ability to construct well-organized, persuasive arguments within a limited amount of
time. Many law students report difficulty with time management, as they must balance legal analysis with the need for coherent of Business EducationBusiness education prepares
students for leadership and management roles in various industries. It focuses on critical thinking, decision-making, problem-solving, and understanding organizational processes. A
typical business program might cover topics like accounting
3. As primary care nurse practitioners (NPs) continue to develop their role as prescribers of
medications, it will be important to:
a. attain the same level of expertise as
physicians who currently prescribe
medications.
b. learn from the experiences of physicians
and develop expertise based on
evidence- based practice.
c. maintain collaborative and supervisorial
relationships with physicians who will
oversee prescribing practices.
d. develop relationships with
pharmaceutical representatives to learn
about new medications as they are
developed.
ANS: B
As nonphysicians develop the roles associated with prescriptive authority, it will be
important to learn from the past experiences of physicians and to develop prescribing
practices based on evidence-based medicine. It is hoped that all prescribers, including
physicians and nurse practitioners, will strive to do better than in the past. NPs should
work toward prescriptive authority and for practice that is not supervised by another
professional. Pharmaceutical representatives provide information that carries some bias.
Academic sources are better.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application) REF: 4
, Chapter 02: Historical Review of Prescriptive Authority: The Role of Nurses (NPs,
CNMs, CRNAs, and CNSs) and Physician Assistants
Test Bank
application in different contexts. Law students often need to differentiate between nuanced legal principles, which can be difficult for those without experience in the field.Moreover, law exams tend to be long and
require detailed written responses. These exams test the student’s ability to construct well-organized, persuasive arguments within a limited amount of time. Many law students report difficulty with time
management, as they must balance legal analysis with the need for coherent EducationBusiness education prepares students for leadership and management roles in various industries. It focuses on critical thinking,
decision-making, problem-solving, and understanding organizational processes. A typical business program might cover topics like accounting
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A primary care NP will begin practicing in a state in which the governor has opted out of
the federal facility reimbursement requirement. The NP should be aware that this defines
how NPs may write prescriptions:
a. without physician supervision in
private practice.
b. as CRNAs without physician
supervision in a hospital setting.
c. in any situation but will not be
reimbursed for this by government
insurers.
d. only with physician supervision in
both private practice and a hospital
setting.
ANS: B
In 2001, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services changed the federal physician
supervision rule for CRNAs to allow state governors to opt out, allowing CRNAs to write
prescriptions and dispense drugs without physician supervision.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: 9
2. CRNAs in most states:
a. must have a Drug Enforcement
Administration (DEA) number to
practice.
b. must have prescriptive authority
to practice.
c. order and administer controlled
substances but do not have full
prescriptive authority.
d. administer medications, including
controlled substances, under
direct physician supervision.
ANS: C
Only five states grant independent prescriptive authority to CRNAs. CRNAs do not
require prescriptive authority because they dispense a drug immediately to a patient and
do not prescribe. Without prescriptive authority, they do not need a DEA number.
