NR565 Advanced Pharmacology
Fundamentals Exam Questions and Answers
1. Pharmacokinetics: The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body,
metabolized, and excreted.
2. Pharmacodynamics: The study of what the drug does to the body
3. Factors Affecting Drug Absorption: Rate of
dissolution Surface area
Blood flow
Lipid
solubility pH
partitioning
4. Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Blood flow
to tissues Ability to exit the vascular system
Blood-brain barrier
Protein-binding
capacity
5. Xenobiotics: substances that are foreign to the body, usually synthetic chemical compounds;
medications are a common example
,6. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450): xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes necessary for the
production of choles- terol and steroids and the detoxification of chemicals and drug metabolism.
7. Function of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450): responsible for phase 1 metabolism in
which drugs are oxidized, reduced, or hydrolyzed
8. Phase 1 Metabolism of Drugs via P450: Oxidation; Reduction; Hydrolysis
9. Three possible outcomes of phase 1 drug metabolism.: -Drug
becomes completely inactive
-Drug becomes partially inactive but one or more metabolites remain active
-Original drug is not pharmacologically active but one metabolite remains active
10. CYP450 Inducers: Medications that can increase the rate of another drug's metabolism
by elevating CYP450 enzyme activity via increasing enzyme synthesis. decreasing the concentration
of the "parent drug"
11. CYP450 Inducer Medications:
CRAPGPS Carbamazepine
Rifampin
Alcohol
Phenytoin
Griseofulvin
Phenobarbita
,l
Sulfonylureas
12. CYP450 Inhibitors: Medications that inhibit the metabolic activity of one or more of the
CYP450 enzymes. Higher risk for toxicity; prolongs the pharmacological ettect of the "parent drug".
13. CYP450 Inhibitor Medications:
VISACKGQ Valproate
Isoniazid
Sulfonamides
Amiodarone
Chloramphenicol
Ketoconazole
Grapefruit Juice
Quinidine
14. Beers Criteria: -potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM) use in older adults
-potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM) use in older adults due to medication-disease or medication-
syndrome interactions that may exacerbate the disease or syndrome
-medications to be used cautiously in older adults
-clinically significant drug interactions that should be avoided in older adults
-medications to be avoided or dosage decreased in the presence of impaired kidney function in older adults
15. Pharmacokinetic Interactions: when one medication systemically alters the
potency of another medication.
, 16. Absorption Interaction: result of a change due to one medication's ettect on another
medication's route of entry into the body.
17. Distribution Interaction: caused by the amount of unbound/free medications
available at the various target sites.
18. Metabolism Interaction: concentration of the medication after biotransformation into
active and inac- tive metabolites in higher or lower than expected.
19. Elimination Interaction: the body's ability to eliminate medications in pure form
or by altering a metabolite from the body.
20. Pharmacodynamic Interactions: does not alter or impact absorption,
distribution, metabolism, or elimination because of the one medication's ability to manipulate the
ettect of another medication at its site of action
Fundamentals Exam Questions and Answers
1. Pharmacokinetics: The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body,
metabolized, and excreted.
2. Pharmacodynamics: The study of what the drug does to the body
3. Factors Affecting Drug Absorption: Rate of
dissolution Surface area
Blood flow
Lipid
solubility pH
partitioning
4. Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Blood flow
to tissues Ability to exit the vascular system
Blood-brain barrier
Protein-binding
capacity
5. Xenobiotics: substances that are foreign to the body, usually synthetic chemical compounds;
medications are a common example
,6. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450): xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes necessary for the
production of choles- terol and steroids and the detoxification of chemicals and drug metabolism.
7. Function of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450): responsible for phase 1 metabolism in
which drugs are oxidized, reduced, or hydrolyzed
8. Phase 1 Metabolism of Drugs via P450: Oxidation; Reduction; Hydrolysis
9. Three possible outcomes of phase 1 drug metabolism.: -Drug
becomes completely inactive
-Drug becomes partially inactive but one or more metabolites remain active
-Original drug is not pharmacologically active but one metabolite remains active
10. CYP450 Inducers: Medications that can increase the rate of another drug's metabolism
by elevating CYP450 enzyme activity via increasing enzyme synthesis. decreasing the concentration
of the "parent drug"
11. CYP450 Inducer Medications:
CRAPGPS Carbamazepine
Rifampin
Alcohol
Phenytoin
Griseofulvin
Phenobarbita
,l
Sulfonylureas
12. CYP450 Inhibitors: Medications that inhibit the metabolic activity of one or more of the
CYP450 enzymes. Higher risk for toxicity; prolongs the pharmacological ettect of the "parent drug".
13. CYP450 Inhibitor Medications:
VISACKGQ Valproate
Isoniazid
Sulfonamides
Amiodarone
Chloramphenicol
Ketoconazole
Grapefruit Juice
Quinidine
14. Beers Criteria: -potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM) use in older adults
-potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM) use in older adults due to medication-disease or medication-
syndrome interactions that may exacerbate the disease or syndrome
-medications to be used cautiously in older adults
-clinically significant drug interactions that should be avoided in older adults
-medications to be avoided or dosage decreased in the presence of impaired kidney function in older adults
15. Pharmacokinetic Interactions: when one medication systemically alters the
potency of another medication.
, 16. Absorption Interaction: result of a change due to one medication's ettect on another
medication's route of entry into the body.
17. Distribution Interaction: caused by the amount of unbound/free medications
available at the various target sites.
18. Metabolism Interaction: concentration of the medication after biotransformation into
active and inac- tive metabolites in higher or lower than expected.
19. Elimination Interaction: the body's ability to eliminate medications in pure form
or by altering a metabolite from the body.
20. Pharmacodynamic Interactions: does not alter or impact absorption,
distribution, metabolism, or elimination because of the one medication's ability to manipulate the
ettect of another medication at its site of action
