CHEM 108 UNLV Final Exam Review – Complete Chemistry Study Guide &
Practice Test (2026)
ATP - ANS ✔✔the energy-storage molecule, links energy-producing reactions with energy-
requiring reactions in the cells.
Metabolism involves - ANS ✔✔All chemical reactions that provide energy & substances needed
for growth
Catabolic and anabolic reactions
Catabolic reactions - ANS ✔✔break down large complex molecules into smaller ones to provide
energy
Anabolic - ANS ✔✔use ATP to build larger molecules
Stages of Metabolism Catabolism - ANS ✔✔Three stages large molecules from foods are
digested and degraded to give smaller molecules that can be oxidized to produce energy.
Metabolism Stage 1 - ANS ✔✔Digestion & hydrolysis breakdown of large molecules so that they
can enter the blood stream
Metabolism Stage 2 - ANS ✔✔Degradation breaks down molecules to 2 & 3 carbon compounds
Metabolism Stage 3 - ANS ✔✔Oxidation of small molecules in the TCA & e' transfer produce
energy (ATP)
mitochondrion - ANS ✔✔contains the structures for the synthesis of ATP from energy-producing
reactions
,energy is stored as - ANS ✔✔adenosine triphosphate
We use energy from ATP hydrolysis every time we - ANS ✔✔-Are doing "work"
-1-2 million ATP get hydrolyzed in one second when a cell is doing work
The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) releases - ANS ✔✔7.3 kcal per mole of
ATP.
ATP -->ADP + P (inorganic phosphate)
ADP can hydrolyze to form - ANS ✔✔adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and an inorganic
phosphate (Pi).
ADP -->AMP + P
What is used in anabolic reactions? - ANS ✔✔ATP
What is the the energy-storage molecule? - ANS ✔✔ATP
What is coupled with energy requiring reactions? - ANS ✔✔ATP
What are the hydrolysis products? - ANS ✔✔ADP + Pi
In stage 1 of catabolism, foods undergo - ANS ✔✔digestion, a process that converts large
molecules to smaller ones that can be absorbed by the body.
, To digest carbs, enzymes produced in the salivary glands hydrolyze - ANS ✔✔some of the α-
glycosidic bonds in amylose and amylopectin, producing
smaller polysaccharides
What are the smaller polysaccharides that are produced by digestion of carbs? - ANS
✔✔maltose, glucose, dextrin
What happens because of the acidic environment of the stomach? - ANS ✔✔carb digestion
stops
What happens to carbs in the intestine (pH of 8)? - ANS ✔✔-enzymes produced in the pancreas
hydrolyze the remaining dextrin to maltose/glucose
-Enzymes in the mucosal cell linking of the small intestinal hydrolyze maltose as well as lactose
and sucrose to monosaccharaides
-Monosaccharaides are then absorbed through the intestinal wall and into the blood stream:
liver bound
Where do carbs begin digestion? - ANS ✔✔the mouth
Where do lipids begin digestion? - ANS ✔✔the small intestine
Where do proteins begin digestion? - ANS ✔✔the stomach and small intestine
The digestion of triglycerides (fats) begins in the - ANS ✔✔small intestine where bile salts
emulsify fat globules into smaller particles call micelles
Where are triacylglycerols hydrolyzed? - ANS ✔✔in the small intestine
Practice Test (2026)
ATP - ANS ✔✔the energy-storage molecule, links energy-producing reactions with energy-
requiring reactions in the cells.
Metabolism involves - ANS ✔✔All chemical reactions that provide energy & substances needed
for growth
Catabolic and anabolic reactions
Catabolic reactions - ANS ✔✔break down large complex molecules into smaller ones to provide
energy
Anabolic - ANS ✔✔use ATP to build larger molecules
Stages of Metabolism Catabolism - ANS ✔✔Three stages large molecules from foods are
digested and degraded to give smaller molecules that can be oxidized to produce energy.
Metabolism Stage 1 - ANS ✔✔Digestion & hydrolysis breakdown of large molecules so that they
can enter the blood stream
Metabolism Stage 2 - ANS ✔✔Degradation breaks down molecules to 2 & 3 carbon compounds
Metabolism Stage 3 - ANS ✔✔Oxidation of small molecules in the TCA & e' transfer produce
energy (ATP)
mitochondrion - ANS ✔✔contains the structures for the synthesis of ATP from energy-producing
reactions
,energy is stored as - ANS ✔✔adenosine triphosphate
We use energy from ATP hydrolysis every time we - ANS ✔✔-Are doing "work"
-1-2 million ATP get hydrolyzed in one second when a cell is doing work
The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) releases - ANS ✔✔7.3 kcal per mole of
ATP.
ATP -->ADP + P (inorganic phosphate)
ADP can hydrolyze to form - ANS ✔✔adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and an inorganic
phosphate (Pi).
ADP -->AMP + P
What is used in anabolic reactions? - ANS ✔✔ATP
What is the the energy-storage molecule? - ANS ✔✔ATP
What is coupled with energy requiring reactions? - ANS ✔✔ATP
What are the hydrolysis products? - ANS ✔✔ADP + Pi
In stage 1 of catabolism, foods undergo - ANS ✔✔digestion, a process that converts large
molecules to smaller ones that can be absorbed by the body.
, To digest carbs, enzymes produced in the salivary glands hydrolyze - ANS ✔✔some of the α-
glycosidic bonds in amylose and amylopectin, producing
smaller polysaccharides
What are the smaller polysaccharides that are produced by digestion of carbs? - ANS
✔✔maltose, glucose, dextrin
What happens because of the acidic environment of the stomach? - ANS ✔✔carb digestion
stops
What happens to carbs in the intestine (pH of 8)? - ANS ✔✔-enzymes produced in the pancreas
hydrolyze the remaining dextrin to maltose/glucose
-Enzymes in the mucosal cell linking of the small intestinal hydrolyze maltose as well as lactose
and sucrose to monosaccharaides
-Monosaccharaides are then absorbed through the intestinal wall and into the blood stream:
liver bound
Where do carbs begin digestion? - ANS ✔✔the mouth
Where do lipids begin digestion? - ANS ✔✔the small intestine
Where do proteins begin digestion? - ANS ✔✔the stomach and small intestine
The digestion of triglycerides (fats) begins in the - ANS ✔✔small intestine where bile salts
emulsify fat globules into smaller particles call micelles
Where are triacylglycerols hydrolyzed? - ANS ✔✔in the small intestine
