Portage Learning Anatomy & Physiology
2: Module 1 Exam
This is a bundle of axons found in the peripheral nervous system.
⁕- nerve
This part of the autonomic system accelerates the heart beat and increases breathing
rate. ⁕- sympathetic nervous system
The ventral root of a nerve contains what type of neurons?
⁕- motor (efferent)
This part of a neuron conducts nerve impulses towards the cell body.
⁕- denderites
A neuron going to the bicep of the forearm is part of the:
⁕- A. Central nervous system
B. Peripheral nervous system
C. Autonomic system
D. Somatic system
E. A&C
Correct! F. B&D
The neuron pictured, below, is best described as:
⁕- A) Bipolar
B) Correct! Multipolar
C) Unipolar
D) Pseudounipolar
True or false: Neurons do not physically touch one another.
⁕- True
Neurons do not physically touch. They are separated by synapses.
Describe the synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters.
⁕- The neuron cell body manufactures neurotransmitters, which are stored in secretory
vesicles at the end of axon terminals.
An afferent neuron carries information:
⁕- A) From the central to the peripheral nervous system
B) Correct Answer From the peripheral to the central nervous system
C) Within the central nervous system
D) Within the peripheral nervous system
A presynaptic neuron would be found:
,⁕- A) Correct Answer Before the synapse
B) After the synapse
C) Inside the synapse
D) Only in the peripheral nervous system
What is the location and function of Satellite cells?
⁕- Location: Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Function: Regulation of environment of neuron cell bodies
A patient's spinal cord was severed in a car accident. Would the patient be expected to
regrow axons in their spinal cord? Why or why not?
⁕- No; Only peripheral system axons are capable of regeneration. The spinal cord is in
the central nervous system.
Name and describe what is occurring in the neuron cell membrane in section 4 of the
diagram. Include the charge of the membrane during this phase.
⁕- Afterpolarization (Hyperpolarization) Potassium gates are slow to close and there is
an undershoot of the potential.
The charge drops below -70mV and then returns to -70mV once at resting state again.
At rest, a neuron plasma membrane is:
⁕- A) 0 mV
B) +40 mV
C) Correct! Polarized (around -70mV)
D) Depolarized
Which of the following is false concerning the sodium-potassium pump?
⁕- A) It maintains the resting phase of an axon.
B) For every three sodium ions pumped out, two potassium ions are pumped in.
C) It must remain in constant operation to maintain the resting state.
D) Correct Answer The overall effect is a negative charge on the outside of the
membrane.
(False, the effect of the pump is a negative charge inside the membrane, positive on the
outside.)
True or false: A sensory neuron is signaling the body of extreme pain. This means that
the strength of the action potential is greater than usual. Explain your reasoning.
⁕- False
There is no variation in the strength of action potentials. (It is an all-or-nothing
response). There is variation in the number and frequency of neurons firing.
Which of the following statements is true concerning the neuromuscular junction?
⁕- A) The NMJ terminates on neurons within the brain and spinal cord.
B) Correct! The NMJ terminates on a muscle fiber.
C) The NMJ terminates on a presynaptic motor neuron.
D) The NMJ does not have a synapse.
,How is a message sent from one neuron to another?
⁕- There is a minute fluid-filled space, called a synapse, between the axon terminal of
the sending neuron and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. When a nerve impulse
reaches the end of an axon, neurotransmitters are released into the synapse. These
bind with a receptor on the next neuron, opening Na+ gates in the receiving dendrite
which causes depolarization and the impulse is carried.
What neurotransmitter is found at the neuromuscular junctions?
⁕- acetylcholine
True or False: Action potentials travel in multiple directions within the same neuron.
⁕- False (only one direction in the same neuron)
True or False: Reflexes occur only with conscious intervention from the brain.
⁕- False
Fill in the blank: In a reflex, the neuron conducts nerve impulses along a
pathway towards the central nervous system.
⁕- afferent or sensory
Where is the integration center of a reflex located?
⁕- CNS (central nervous system)
Which of the following statements is false about reflexes?
⁕- A) Reflexes do not require higher levels of voluntary processing from the brain.
B) Regulation of blood sugar by hormones is one example of a reflex.
C) Some reflexes can be tested to determine injury.
D) Correct Answer Pulling a hand away from a hot flame is not a reflex; it is entirely
voluntary.
What is true about the stretch reflex?
⁕- A) Stretch reflexes help to increase the stretch on a muscle.
B) The patellar reflex tests the stretch reflex of the patella.
C) Correct! The muscle spindle detects stretch within the muscle.
D) The effect of the motor signal is to relax a muscle.
What is true about the flexor withdrawal reflex?
⁕- A. It does not involve interneurons.
B. It involves excitatory interneurons.
C. It involves inhibitory interneurons.
D. The effect of the reflex is to create a co-contraction of two muscles
E. A&D
Correct! F. B&C
Answer the following essay questions:
, You gtouch ga ghot gpan gwhen gcooking. gList gout gthe gsteps, gin gdetail, gof gthe gnervous
gpathway gof gthe greflex gthat goccurs. gInclude gany gsensory gorgans ginvolved gand gthe
gaction gof gthe greflex.
⁕- g1. gpain greceptor gin gthe gskin gsends ga gnerve gimpluse gthat gmoves galong gthe gdendrite
gtoward gthe gcell gbody gand gCNS
2. after git greaches gthe gcell gbody, gthe gimpluse gmoves galong gthe gaxon gof gthe gsensory
gnerve gand gsynapse gon gthe ginterneurons
3. Excitatory ginterneurons gsend gsinglas gto gmotor gneurons gto gthe gbiceps gwhich gleads gto
ga gmuscle gcontraction gand gelbow gflexion. gThis gaction gcauses gthe ghand gto gremove
gfrom gthe ghot gobject.
4. inhibitory ginterneurons gsend gsignals gthat gsimultaneously gprevent gmuscle
gcontractions gof gthe gtriceps. gIf gboth gthe gtricep gand gbicep gare gcontracting gat gthe gsame
gtime gthe ghand gwill gnot gmove gfrom gthe ghot gobject.
Answer gthe gfollowing gessay gquestions:
Botulism gis ga gdisease gcaused gby ga gneurotoxin gthat ginterferes gwith gthe grelease gof
gAcetylcholine. gPatients gwith gthis gdisease gexperience gflaccid gparalysis, gor gthe ginability gto
gcontract gtheir gmuscles. gExplain gwhy gthis gwould goccur.
⁕- gThe gnervous gsystem ginteracts gwith gthe gmuscular gsystem gat gthe gneuromuscular
gjunction. gAcetylcholine gmust gbe greleased gfrom gthe gpresynaptic gmotor gneuron ginto gthe
gsynapse gto gbind gonto gthe gmuscle gfiber, geventually gcausing ga gmuscle gcontraction.
gWithout gthe grelease gof gacetylcholine, gthere gwill gbe gno ginteraction gbetween gthe gnervous
gsystem gand gthe gmuscular gsystem gand gtherefore gno gmuscle gcontraction.
2: Module 1 Exam
This is a bundle of axons found in the peripheral nervous system.
⁕- nerve
This part of the autonomic system accelerates the heart beat and increases breathing
rate. ⁕- sympathetic nervous system
The ventral root of a nerve contains what type of neurons?
⁕- motor (efferent)
This part of a neuron conducts nerve impulses towards the cell body.
⁕- denderites
A neuron going to the bicep of the forearm is part of the:
⁕- A. Central nervous system
B. Peripheral nervous system
C. Autonomic system
D. Somatic system
E. A&C
Correct! F. B&D
The neuron pictured, below, is best described as:
⁕- A) Bipolar
B) Correct! Multipolar
C) Unipolar
D) Pseudounipolar
True or false: Neurons do not physically touch one another.
⁕- True
Neurons do not physically touch. They are separated by synapses.
Describe the synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters.
⁕- The neuron cell body manufactures neurotransmitters, which are stored in secretory
vesicles at the end of axon terminals.
An afferent neuron carries information:
⁕- A) From the central to the peripheral nervous system
B) Correct Answer From the peripheral to the central nervous system
C) Within the central nervous system
D) Within the peripheral nervous system
A presynaptic neuron would be found:
,⁕- A) Correct Answer Before the synapse
B) After the synapse
C) Inside the synapse
D) Only in the peripheral nervous system
What is the location and function of Satellite cells?
⁕- Location: Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Function: Regulation of environment of neuron cell bodies
A patient's spinal cord was severed in a car accident. Would the patient be expected to
regrow axons in their spinal cord? Why or why not?
⁕- No; Only peripheral system axons are capable of regeneration. The spinal cord is in
the central nervous system.
Name and describe what is occurring in the neuron cell membrane in section 4 of the
diagram. Include the charge of the membrane during this phase.
⁕- Afterpolarization (Hyperpolarization) Potassium gates are slow to close and there is
an undershoot of the potential.
The charge drops below -70mV and then returns to -70mV once at resting state again.
At rest, a neuron plasma membrane is:
⁕- A) 0 mV
B) +40 mV
C) Correct! Polarized (around -70mV)
D) Depolarized
Which of the following is false concerning the sodium-potassium pump?
⁕- A) It maintains the resting phase of an axon.
B) For every three sodium ions pumped out, two potassium ions are pumped in.
C) It must remain in constant operation to maintain the resting state.
D) Correct Answer The overall effect is a negative charge on the outside of the
membrane.
(False, the effect of the pump is a negative charge inside the membrane, positive on the
outside.)
True or false: A sensory neuron is signaling the body of extreme pain. This means that
the strength of the action potential is greater than usual. Explain your reasoning.
⁕- False
There is no variation in the strength of action potentials. (It is an all-or-nothing
response). There is variation in the number and frequency of neurons firing.
Which of the following statements is true concerning the neuromuscular junction?
⁕- A) The NMJ terminates on neurons within the brain and spinal cord.
B) Correct! The NMJ terminates on a muscle fiber.
C) The NMJ terminates on a presynaptic motor neuron.
D) The NMJ does not have a synapse.
,How is a message sent from one neuron to another?
⁕- There is a minute fluid-filled space, called a synapse, between the axon terminal of
the sending neuron and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. When a nerve impulse
reaches the end of an axon, neurotransmitters are released into the synapse. These
bind with a receptor on the next neuron, opening Na+ gates in the receiving dendrite
which causes depolarization and the impulse is carried.
What neurotransmitter is found at the neuromuscular junctions?
⁕- acetylcholine
True or False: Action potentials travel in multiple directions within the same neuron.
⁕- False (only one direction in the same neuron)
True or False: Reflexes occur only with conscious intervention from the brain.
⁕- False
Fill in the blank: In a reflex, the neuron conducts nerve impulses along a
pathway towards the central nervous system.
⁕- afferent or sensory
Where is the integration center of a reflex located?
⁕- CNS (central nervous system)
Which of the following statements is false about reflexes?
⁕- A) Reflexes do not require higher levels of voluntary processing from the brain.
B) Regulation of blood sugar by hormones is one example of a reflex.
C) Some reflexes can be tested to determine injury.
D) Correct Answer Pulling a hand away from a hot flame is not a reflex; it is entirely
voluntary.
What is true about the stretch reflex?
⁕- A) Stretch reflexes help to increase the stretch on a muscle.
B) The patellar reflex tests the stretch reflex of the patella.
C) Correct! The muscle spindle detects stretch within the muscle.
D) The effect of the motor signal is to relax a muscle.
What is true about the flexor withdrawal reflex?
⁕- A. It does not involve interneurons.
B. It involves excitatory interneurons.
C. It involves inhibitory interneurons.
D. The effect of the reflex is to create a co-contraction of two muscles
E. A&D
Correct! F. B&C
Answer the following essay questions:
, You gtouch ga ghot gpan gwhen gcooking. gList gout gthe gsteps, gin gdetail, gof gthe gnervous
gpathway gof gthe greflex gthat goccurs. gInclude gany gsensory gorgans ginvolved gand gthe
gaction gof gthe greflex.
⁕- g1. gpain greceptor gin gthe gskin gsends ga gnerve gimpluse gthat gmoves galong gthe gdendrite
gtoward gthe gcell gbody gand gCNS
2. after git greaches gthe gcell gbody, gthe gimpluse gmoves galong gthe gaxon gof gthe gsensory
gnerve gand gsynapse gon gthe ginterneurons
3. Excitatory ginterneurons gsend gsinglas gto gmotor gneurons gto gthe gbiceps gwhich gleads gto
ga gmuscle gcontraction gand gelbow gflexion. gThis gaction gcauses gthe ghand gto gremove
gfrom gthe ghot gobject.
4. inhibitory ginterneurons gsend gsignals gthat gsimultaneously gprevent gmuscle
gcontractions gof gthe gtriceps. gIf gboth gthe gtricep gand gbicep gare gcontracting gat gthe gsame
gtime gthe ghand gwill gnot gmove gfrom gthe ghot gobject.
Answer gthe gfollowing gessay gquestions:
Botulism gis ga gdisease gcaused gby ga gneurotoxin gthat ginterferes gwith gthe grelease gof
gAcetylcholine. gPatients gwith gthis gdisease gexperience gflaccid gparalysis, gor gthe ginability gto
gcontract gtheir gmuscles. gExplain gwhy gthis gwould goccur.
⁕- gThe gnervous gsystem ginteracts gwith gthe gmuscular gsystem gat gthe gneuromuscular
gjunction. gAcetylcholine gmust gbe greleased gfrom gthe gpresynaptic gmotor gneuron ginto gthe
gsynapse gto gbind gonto gthe gmuscle gfiber, geventually gcausing ga gmuscle gcontraction.
gWithout gthe grelease gof gacetylcholine, gthere gwill gbe gno ginteraction gbetween gthe gnervous
gsystem gand gthe gmuscular gsystem gand gtherefore gno gmuscle gcontraction.
