What are induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and what are their main characteristics? - CORRECT
ANSWERS * Adult somatic cells reprogrammed into stem-cell-like cells
* Pluripotent → can form all 3 germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
* Similar to embryonic stem cells
* Avoid major ethical concerns
* Can be patient-specific → lower risk of immune rejection
How are iPSCs created? - CORRECT ANSWERS By introducing the Yamanaka factors:
* Oct4
* Sox2
* Klf4
* c-Myc
using viral or non-viral vectors.
Memory trick: OSKM
(Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc)
What are the major applications of iPSCs? - CORRECT ANSWERS * Disease modeling
* Drug testing and development
* Regenerative medicine (tissue repair/replacement)
* Genetic and developmental studies
What are the advantages and disadvantages of iPSCs? - CORRECT ANSWERS Advantages
* No embryo destruction
* Patient-specific cells
* Pluripotent