NR 599 FINAL EXAM Practice Questions and
Answers 2026 | Updated Revision Pack |
Grade A+
• Ethical Decision Making -✓✓○ When making choices about ethical issues based on
the standards of right vs wrong. ○ It requires a systematic framework for addressing the
complex and often controversial moral questions.
• Bioethical Standards -✓✓○ The study of healthcare ethics ○ Bioethics takes on
relevant ethical problems seen by healthcare providers in relation to care
• Telehealth -✓✓○ wide range of health services that are delivered by
telecommunications ready tools, such as telephone, videophone, and computer ○ is
needed to help fill the nursing shortage allowing nursing to see more patients quicker,
as well as the aging population ○ Telecommunication technologies used to deliver
health-related services or to connect patients and healthcare providers to maximize
patients' health status. ○ A relatively new term in the medical/nursing vocabulary,
referring to a wide range of health services that are delivered by telecommunications-
ready tools such as the telephone, videophone, and compute
• Medical Applications -✓✓○ Software developed for medical purposes, including home
medical monitoring system, medical databases for healthcare professionals, etc.
• Medical Devices -✓✓○ is any device intended to be used for medical purposes
• ● Privacy -✓✓○ An important issue related to personal information ○ Restricted
access of patient information or data
• ● Confidentiality -✓✓○ To ensure that all personal information is protected by
ensuring that limited access is only given to those who are authorized to view that
information.
■ Protecting privacy of personal information or data
• Cybersecurity -✓✓○ the state of being protected against the criminal or unauthorized
use of electronic data, or the measures taken to achieve this. ○ With the expansion of
technology. Facilities are taken more precautions to prevent cyber attacks. With the
move towards advancing cybersecurity is important, technology continues to grow.
○ Ensure all systems are adequately protected and patients remain safe from harm ○ NI
are frequently called on to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of new devices and
software.
,• Computer-aided translators -✓✓○ is a form of language translation in which a human
translator uses computer hardware to support and facilitate the translation process.
• HIPPA
when was is established and by who -✓✓○ was established in the U.S. in 1996 to
protect an individual's personal health care information. ○ Signed by Pres. Bill Clinton ○
Healthcare institutions are required to meet all standards and comply with the
appropriate security measures in order to safeguard patient data. ○ Four parts to
HIPAA's Administrative Simplification ■ Electronic transactions and code sets standards
requirements. ■ Privacy requirements. ■ Security requirements. ■ National identifier
requirements.
• ICD-10 Coding -✓✓○ An alphanumeric code used by doctors, health insurance
companies, and public health agencies across the world to represent diagnoses. ○ The
system offers accurate and up-to-date procedure codes to improve health care cost and
ensure fair reimbursement policies ○ The current codes specifically help healthcare
providers to identify patients in need of immediate disease management and to tailor
effective disease management programs.
• Similarly ICD and CPT coding go together -✓✓● Is a medical code set that is used to
report medical, surgical, and diagnostic procedures and services to entities such as
physicians, health insurance companies and accreditation organizations.
• Evaluation and Management Coding -✓✓○ Is a medical coding process in support of
medical billing ○ Practicing health care providers in the United States must use E/M
coding to be reimbursed by Medicare, Medicaid programs, or private insurance for
patient encounters.
• Reimbursement Coding -✓✓Is based on claims and documentation filed by providers
using medical diagnosis and procedure codes. ○ Commercial payers must use
standards defined by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) but are
largely regulated state-by-state.
• Clinical Support Tools -✓✓○ are designed to help sift through enormous amounts of
digital data to suggest next steps for treatments, alert providers to available information
they may not have seen, or catch potential problems, such as dangerous medication
interactions ○ Such as CDS clinical decision support, a program used by providers. ○ Or
various applications use by healthcare professionals to allow for communicate between
provider to provider and provider to patient ○ The tools are all used to benefit patient
outcome
• Workflow analysis -✓✓○ Not an optional part of clinical implementations, but rather a
necessity for safe patient care fostered by technology. ○ The ultimate goal of workflow
analysis is not to "pave the cow path," but rather to create a future-state solution that
maximizes the use of technology and eliminates non-value-added activities. ○ Although
, many tools and methods can be used to accomplish workflow redesign, the best
method is the one that complements the organization and supports the work of
clinicians. ○ needs to be done as well as working in optimization (moving conditions
past their current state into a more effective method of performing.
• Clinical Decision Support (CDS) -✓✓○ Generate patient specific interventions,
assessments and recommendations ○ CDS tools existed prior to development of EHRs
○ The primary goal of implementing a CDS tool is to leverage data and the scientific
evidence to help guide appropriate decision making
• CDS improving healthcare -✓✓○ Reducing clinical variation and duplicative testing ○
Ensuring patient safety
○ Avoiding complications that may result in readmissions ○ Create alerts about drug-
drug interactions ○ Drug allergy contraindications
• CDS challenging healthcare -✓✓○ Alarm fatigue ○ Clinical burnout ○ Occur with
poorly implemented CDS features ○ Financial burden
• Workflow Design -✓✓○ Used to describe the action or execution of a series of tasks in
a prescribed sequence ○ Progression of steps (tasks, events, interactions) that
constitute a work process ○ In a sequential workflow, each step depends on the
occurrence of the previous step; in a parallel workflow, two or more steps can occur
concurrently. ○ Nursing informatics is uniquely positioned to engage in the analysis and
redesign of processes and tasks surrounding the use of technology.
• Changes in workflow causes -✓✓poor system design and usability issues, lack of
understanding about these systems and their capabilities, user errors and system
errors, and lack of defined protocols can all lead to process breakdowns and errors.
• EHR and information systems provide what? -✓✓provide POC decision support to
prevent medical errors to save lives and money
• Barriers to implement technology: -✓✓cost & length of time to incorporate it, frequent
upgrades interrupting the workflow
• American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)- used financial incentives to
implement Meaningful Use (MU) rules and regulations
3 stages -✓✓○ Stage 1: data capturing and sharing ○ Stage 2: advanced clinical
processes ○ Stage 3: improve outcomes
• Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 (MACRA) took over and
created -✓✓a quality payment program (QPP) to replace Medicare reporting programs
• Merit Based Incentive Payment (MIPS or Alternative Payment Models (APM) -✓✓to
allow clinicians to choose what suites their needs the best, simplify process for
Answers 2026 | Updated Revision Pack |
Grade A+
• Ethical Decision Making -✓✓○ When making choices about ethical issues based on
the standards of right vs wrong. ○ It requires a systematic framework for addressing the
complex and often controversial moral questions.
• Bioethical Standards -✓✓○ The study of healthcare ethics ○ Bioethics takes on
relevant ethical problems seen by healthcare providers in relation to care
• Telehealth -✓✓○ wide range of health services that are delivered by
telecommunications ready tools, such as telephone, videophone, and computer ○ is
needed to help fill the nursing shortage allowing nursing to see more patients quicker,
as well as the aging population ○ Telecommunication technologies used to deliver
health-related services or to connect patients and healthcare providers to maximize
patients' health status. ○ A relatively new term in the medical/nursing vocabulary,
referring to a wide range of health services that are delivered by telecommunications-
ready tools such as the telephone, videophone, and compute
• Medical Applications -✓✓○ Software developed for medical purposes, including home
medical monitoring system, medical databases for healthcare professionals, etc.
• Medical Devices -✓✓○ is any device intended to be used for medical purposes
• ● Privacy -✓✓○ An important issue related to personal information ○ Restricted
access of patient information or data
• ● Confidentiality -✓✓○ To ensure that all personal information is protected by
ensuring that limited access is only given to those who are authorized to view that
information.
■ Protecting privacy of personal information or data
• Cybersecurity -✓✓○ the state of being protected against the criminal or unauthorized
use of electronic data, or the measures taken to achieve this. ○ With the expansion of
technology. Facilities are taken more precautions to prevent cyber attacks. With the
move towards advancing cybersecurity is important, technology continues to grow.
○ Ensure all systems are adequately protected and patients remain safe from harm ○ NI
are frequently called on to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of new devices and
software.
,• Computer-aided translators -✓✓○ is a form of language translation in which a human
translator uses computer hardware to support and facilitate the translation process.
• HIPPA
when was is established and by who -✓✓○ was established in the U.S. in 1996 to
protect an individual's personal health care information. ○ Signed by Pres. Bill Clinton ○
Healthcare institutions are required to meet all standards and comply with the
appropriate security measures in order to safeguard patient data. ○ Four parts to
HIPAA's Administrative Simplification ■ Electronic transactions and code sets standards
requirements. ■ Privacy requirements. ■ Security requirements. ■ National identifier
requirements.
• ICD-10 Coding -✓✓○ An alphanumeric code used by doctors, health insurance
companies, and public health agencies across the world to represent diagnoses. ○ The
system offers accurate and up-to-date procedure codes to improve health care cost and
ensure fair reimbursement policies ○ The current codes specifically help healthcare
providers to identify patients in need of immediate disease management and to tailor
effective disease management programs.
• Similarly ICD and CPT coding go together -✓✓● Is a medical code set that is used to
report medical, surgical, and diagnostic procedures and services to entities such as
physicians, health insurance companies and accreditation organizations.
• Evaluation and Management Coding -✓✓○ Is a medical coding process in support of
medical billing ○ Practicing health care providers in the United States must use E/M
coding to be reimbursed by Medicare, Medicaid programs, or private insurance for
patient encounters.
• Reimbursement Coding -✓✓Is based on claims and documentation filed by providers
using medical diagnosis and procedure codes. ○ Commercial payers must use
standards defined by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) but are
largely regulated state-by-state.
• Clinical Support Tools -✓✓○ are designed to help sift through enormous amounts of
digital data to suggest next steps for treatments, alert providers to available information
they may not have seen, or catch potential problems, such as dangerous medication
interactions ○ Such as CDS clinical decision support, a program used by providers. ○ Or
various applications use by healthcare professionals to allow for communicate between
provider to provider and provider to patient ○ The tools are all used to benefit patient
outcome
• Workflow analysis -✓✓○ Not an optional part of clinical implementations, but rather a
necessity for safe patient care fostered by technology. ○ The ultimate goal of workflow
analysis is not to "pave the cow path," but rather to create a future-state solution that
maximizes the use of technology and eliminates non-value-added activities. ○ Although
, many tools and methods can be used to accomplish workflow redesign, the best
method is the one that complements the organization and supports the work of
clinicians. ○ needs to be done as well as working in optimization (moving conditions
past their current state into a more effective method of performing.
• Clinical Decision Support (CDS) -✓✓○ Generate patient specific interventions,
assessments and recommendations ○ CDS tools existed prior to development of EHRs
○ The primary goal of implementing a CDS tool is to leverage data and the scientific
evidence to help guide appropriate decision making
• CDS improving healthcare -✓✓○ Reducing clinical variation and duplicative testing ○
Ensuring patient safety
○ Avoiding complications that may result in readmissions ○ Create alerts about drug-
drug interactions ○ Drug allergy contraindications
• CDS challenging healthcare -✓✓○ Alarm fatigue ○ Clinical burnout ○ Occur with
poorly implemented CDS features ○ Financial burden
• Workflow Design -✓✓○ Used to describe the action or execution of a series of tasks in
a prescribed sequence ○ Progression of steps (tasks, events, interactions) that
constitute a work process ○ In a sequential workflow, each step depends on the
occurrence of the previous step; in a parallel workflow, two or more steps can occur
concurrently. ○ Nursing informatics is uniquely positioned to engage in the analysis and
redesign of processes and tasks surrounding the use of technology.
• Changes in workflow causes -✓✓poor system design and usability issues, lack of
understanding about these systems and their capabilities, user errors and system
errors, and lack of defined protocols can all lead to process breakdowns and errors.
• EHR and information systems provide what? -✓✓provide POC decision support to
prevent medical errors to save lives and money
• Barriers to implement technology: -✓✓cost & length of time to incorporate it, frequent
upgrades interrupting the workflow
• American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)- used financial incentives to
implement Meaningful Use (MU) rules and regulations
3 stages -✓✓○ Stage 1: data capturing and sharing ○ Stage 2: advanced clinical
processes ○ Stage 3: improve outcomes
• Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 (MACRA) took over and
created -✓✓a quality payment program (QPP) to replace Medicare reporting programs
• Merit Based Incentive Payment (MIPS or Alternative Payment Models (APM) -✓✓to
allow clinicians to choose what suites their needs the best, simplify process for
