FCCN Level 1 Exam 2026 Question and
Answer | Real Questions and Answers |
A+ Verified
• ADH (antidiuretic hormone) -✓✓- water retainer
- vasoconstrictor (also called Vasopressin)
- produced by hypothalamus
- store and released from posterior pituitary
• ADH pathway -✓✓- hypothalamus senses low blood volumed and
increased serum osmolality
- signal pituitary to release ADH
- ADH causes kidney to retain water
- water retention increases blood volume and decreases serum osmolality
• ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) -✓✓- cardiac hormone stored in atria
- released when atrial pressure increases
*works opposite of RAAS by decreasing BP and reducing intravascular
volume
- important diagnostic marker in CHF
• hydrostatic pressure -✓✓- forces fluids and solutes through the
capillary wall and into the tissue spaces
• colloid osmotic pressure -✓✓- pulling force of albumin in the
intravascular spaces
- pull fluid into vasculature
,• maintenance fluid therapy -✓✓- replaces normal ongoing losses of
water and electrolytes (urine, sweat, respiration, stool)
• replacement therapy -✓✓- corrects any existing water and or
electrolyte deficits
• isotonic fluids -✓✓- tonicity equal to plasma in the body
- no fluid shifts because the solutions are equally concentrated
- LR
- NS
- D5W
• hypotonic fluids -✓✓- lower concentration of solutes in the
vasculature than in the cell
- fluid shifts into the cell to dilute the electrolytes (CELL SWELLS)
- 0.45NS
• hypertonic fluid -✓✓- higher concentration of solutes in the
vasculature than in the cell
- pulls fluid out of cells and into the vessels (CELL SHRINKS)
- D5 .45NS
- D5NS
- D5LR
- 3%, 7%, 23.4% NaCl
• colloids -✓✓- pull fluid into bloodstream
Albumin
- 5% is osmotically equal to plasma
- 25% draws 4 times the normal volume into the circulation
, • blood -✓✓- not a risk free fluid replacement
- this is liquid transplant
• third spacing -✓✓- fluid is not lost from the body but the fluid is not
available for use in the intracellular or extracellular compartments (fluid
is in between tissues/cells)
- this patient is intravascularly dry and still needs more fluid
-
• can you give platelets through the ranger -✓✓- no it will aggreggate
the platelets
• hyponatremia -✓✓- less than 135 -145
- weakness
- abdominal cramping/leg cramps
- dizzy
- change in LOC
- seizures
• different ways to treat hyponatremia -✓✓- hypovolemic (give IV
fluid)
- euvolemic (fluid restriction)
- hypervolemic (diuretic)
• severe hyponatremia -✓✓- EMERGENCY
- below 115
- give hypertonic saline if patient is symptomatic
- in ICU setting
Answer | Real Questions and Answers |
A+ Verified
• ADH (antidiuretic hormone) -✓✓- water retainer
- vasoconstrictor (also called Vasopressin)
- produced by hypothalamus
- store and released from posterior pituitary
• ADH pathway -✓✓- hypothalamus senses low blood volumed and
increased serum osmolality
- signal pituitary to release ADH
- ADH causes kidney to retain water
- water retention increases blood volume and decreases serum osmolality
• ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) -✓✓- cardiac hormone stored in atria
- released when atrial pressure increases
*works opposite of RAAS by decreasing BP and reducing intravascular
volume
- important diagnostic marker in CHF
• hydrostatic pressure -✓✓- forces fluids and solutes through the
capillary wall and into the tissue spaces
• colloid osmotic pressure -✓✓- pulling force of albumin in the
intravascular spaces
- pull fluid into vasculature
,• maintenance fluid therapy -✓✓- replaces normal ongoing losses of
water and electrolytes (urine, sweat, respiration, stool)
• replacement therapy -✓✓- corrects any existing water and or
electrolyte deficits
• isotonic fluids -✓✓- tonicity equal to plasma in the body
- no fluid shifts because the solutions are equally concentrated
- LR
- NS
- D5W
• hypotonic fluids -✓✓- lower concentration of solutes in the
vasculature than in the cell
- fluid shifts into the cell to dilute the electrolytes (CELL SWELLS)
- 0.45NS
• hypertonic fluid -✓✓- higher concentration of solutes in the
vasculature than in the cell
- pulls fluid out of cells and into the vessels (CELL SHRINKS)
- D5 .45NS
- D5NS
- D5LR
- 3%, 7%, 23.4% NaCl
• colloids -✓✓- pull fluid into bloodstream
Albumin
- 5% is osmotically equal to plasma
- 25% draws 4 times the normal volume into the circulation
, • blood -✓✓- not a risk free fluid replacement
- this is liquid transplant
• third spacing -✓✓- fluid is not lost from the body but the fluid is not
available for use in the intracellular or extracellular compartments (fluid
is in between tissues/cells)
- this patient is intravascularly dry and still needs more fluid
-
• can you give platelets through the ranger -✓✓- no it will aggreggate
the platelets
• hyponatremia -✓✓- less than 135 -145
- weakness
- abdominal cramping/leg cramps
- dizzy
- change in LOC
- seizures
• different ways to treat hyponatremia -✓✓- hypovolemic (give IV
fluid)
- euvolemic (fluid restriction)
- hypervolemic (diuretic)
• severe hyponatremia -✓✓- EMERGENCY
- below 115
- give hypertonic saline if patient is symptomatic
- in ICU setting
