PSYC 2150 MIDTERM #1 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS
"vector flow field" - Answers - - vector is a point or a line with a direction of motion, & the
field is all of the vectors put together
- how points move relative to the viewer and relative to each other, provides information
about the speed & direction
#thedress - Answers - - light entering your eye is blue...BUT is the dress a blue dress
under bright white light? Or a white dress under a blueish shadow?
- older people + women more likely to see white/gold bc daytime chronotype (early
birds, cool illuminant) vs younger + men likely to see blue/black bc night owls adapted to
warmer light scheme of artificial light
1st cognitive psych experiment: reaction time (donders) - Answers - - simple reaction
time vs. Choice reaction time
- concluded decision-making process took 1/10th of a sec (length of choice-reaction
time)
- tells us mental responses cannot be measured directly, but inferred from behavior
3 approaches to discovering abstract constructs - Answers - - neural constraints
(looking at what brain is doing)
- evolutionary constraints (how do simple processes evolve & build upon complex LT
system)
- efficiency (theory that wins is NOT the overall most efficient BUT the one that is most
like humans
3 possibilities for special objects - Answers - - localized representation that depends on
object type (e.g., faces in one part of the brain)
- localized processing (e.g., visual expertise in one part of the brain)
- distributed representation (e.g., localized peaks of activation for faces, but contribution
from large areas of cortex)
4 techniques to solve the problem of neuro data - Answers - - clues about architecture
- direct observation of a behavioral construct
- brain informs cognitive unity
- confirm a behavioral task
Abstract construct - Answers - - a mental process OR representation OR a set of
Processes & representations that you use as part of
Your explanation for data (EX: a theory)
- stuff that's not observable
,Accommodation - Answers - when objects get closer to the eye, the lens must change
shape (become thicker) in order to focus on an image on the retina
Ambiguous figures - Answers - - images that are capable of more than one
interpretation
- you are biased to object identification based on your environment (better at identifying
the object when the scene makes scene compared to when it's jumbled)
- context (or the "whole" of the "part") can affect perception of the part
Application of cc: advertising - Answers - US(model)->UR(pos.eval.)
CS(product)+US(model)
CS(product)->CR(pos.eval.)
Application of cc: bedwetting - Answers - US(alarm)->UR(waking)
CS(full bladder)+US(alarm)
CS(full bladder)->(waking)
Are the 2 visual systems in agreement? - Answers - - most of the time you have no
reason to even know of them bc yes they are
- you feel that the visual experience of seeing (ventral system) supports reaching
(dorsal system) because the two systems concur
- visual illusions fool you by misaligning the systems (i.e. Ponzo illusion)
Artificial intelligence - Answers - - computer science is a whole field based on abstract
constructs with no loss of rigor
- EX: newell & simon's logic theorist - not just a cool program, but also worked in the
same way people solve problems (most efficient)
Assumptions of light source/reflectance/shadow (3) - Answers - 1: surfaces are
uniformly colored. (that's
Why shading gives the impression of 3 dimensions.
Shading is assumed to be due to hills & valleys.
2: light is assumed to be
Coming from above.
3: the brightest thing around
Is white; the darkest thing around is black. (snow vs charcoal under the sun)
Atkinson & shiffrin 3 stage model of memory - Answers - -recall brought from long term
to short term
-short term (few seconds, limited capacity)
-long term (long duration, high capacity)
Episodic (life events)
Semantics (facts)
, Procedural (physical actions)
Atmospheric perspective - Answers - - creating the illusion of depth of space by fading
colors and eliminating detail in objects that are further away.
- indistinct, hazy, bluish appearance bc much of the light has been scattered, and the
light looks blueish bc shorter wavelengths are more likely to be scattered
- more air between you & what you're looking at (more light being refracted = blurred)
Bandura's social learning theory (4) - Answers - - individuals can learn novel responses
via observation of key others' behaviors
- attention
- retention
- initiation (must execute the learned behavior)
- motivation (to engage)
- does not require reinforcement, but hinges on the presence of others & social models
- EX: bobo doll experiment
Basic effect of classical conditioning - Answers - US->UR
CS+US
CS->CR
Behaviorism's success - Answers - produce interesting results
Biological evidence of edges - Answers - - hubel & wiesel's experiments- single cell data
of primary visual cortex
- cat experiment using neural tuning to find a neuron that responds to specific stimuli
(neurons break image down into line segments)
- some of the cells
Relatively early in
The visual processing
Stream care about
Edges.
Blocking effect - Answers - - animal learns nothing about a stimulus if the stimulus
provides no new predictive information (only get learning if you make a bad prediction)
- conditioned response only occurs during the presentation of stimulus A, bc the earlier
conditioning of A "blocks" the conditioning of B when B is added to A.
- can lead to loss in associative strength despite repeated pairings (recorla-wagner
model)
ANSWERS
"vector flow field" - Answers - - vector is a point or a line with a direction of motion, & the
field is all of the vectors put together
- how points move relative to the viewer and relative to each other, provides information
about the speed & direction
#thedress - Answers - - light entering your eye is blue...BUT is the dress a blue dress
under bright white light? Or a white dress under a blueish shadow?
- older people + women more likely to see white/gold bc daytime chronotype (early
birds, cool illuminant) vs younger + men likely to see blue/black bc night owls adapted to
warmer light scheme of artificial light
1st cognitive psych experiment: reaction time (donders) - Answers - - simple reaction
time vs. Choice reaction time
- concluded decision-making process took 1/10th of a sec (length of choice-reaction
time)
- tells us mental responses cannot be measured directly, but inferred from behavior
3 approaches to discovering abstract constructs - Answers - - neural constraints
(looking at what brain is doing)
- evolutionary constraints (how do simple processes evolve & build upon complex LT
system)
- efficiency (theory that wins is NOT the overall most efficient BUT the one that is most
like humans
3 possibilities for special objects - Answers - - localized representation that depends on
object type (e.g., faces in one part of the brain)
- localized processing (e.g., visual expertise in one part of the brain)
- distributed representation (e.g., localized peaks of activation for faces, but contribution
from large areas of cortex)
4 techniques to solve the problem of neuro data - Answers - - clues about architecture
- direct observation of a behavioral construct
- brain informs cognitive unity
- confirm a behavioral task
Abstract construct - Answers - - a mental process OR representation OR a set of
Processes & representations that you use as part of
Your explanation for data (EX: a theory)
- stuff that's not observable
,Accommodation - Answers - when objects get closer to the eye, the lens must change
shape (become thicker) in order to focus on an image on the retina
Ambiguous figures - Answers - - images that are capable of more than one
interpretation
- you are biased to object identification based on your environment (better at identifying
the object when the scene makes scene compared to when it's jumbled)
- context (or the "whole" of the "part") can affect perception of the part
Application of cc: advertising - Answers - US(model)->UR(pos.eval.)
CS(product)+US(model)
CS(product)->CR(pos.eval.)
Application of cc: bedwetting - Answers - US(alarm)->UR(waking)
CS(full bladder)+US(alarm)
CS(full bladder)->(waking)
Are the 2 visual systems in agreement? - Answers - - most of the time you have no
reason to even know of them bc yes they are
- you feel that the visual experience of seeing (ventral system) supports reaching
(dorsal system) because the two systems concur
- visual illusions fool you by misaligning the systems (i.e. Ponzo illusion)
Artificial intelligence - Answers - - computer science is a whole field based on abstract
constructs with no loss of rigor
- EX: newell & simon's logic theorist - not just a cool program, but also worked in the
same way people solve problems (most efficient)
Assumptions of light source/reflectance/shadow (3) - Answers - 1: surfaces are
uniformly colored. (that's
Why shading gives the impression of 3 dimensions.
Shading is assumed to be due to hills & valleys.
2: light is assumed to be
Coming from above.
3: the brightest thing around
Is white; the darkest thing around is black. (snow vs charcoal under the sun)
Atkinson & shiffrin 3 stage model of memory - Answers - -recall brought from long term
to short term
-short term (few seconds, limited capacity)
-long term (long duration, high capacity)
Episodic (life events)
Semantics (facts)
, Procedural (physical actions)
Atmospheric perspective - Answers - - creating the illusion of depth of space by fading
colors and eliminating detail in objects that are further away.
- indistinct, hazy, bluish appearance bc much of the light has been scattered, and the
light looks blueish bc shorter wavelengths are more likely to be scattered
- more air between you & what you're looking at (more light being refracted = blurred)
Bandura's social learning theory (4) - Answers - - individuals can learn novel responses
via observation of key others' behaviors
- attention
- retention
- initiation (must execute the learned behavior)
- motivation (to engage)
- does not require reinforcement, but hinges on the presence of others & social models
- EX: bobo doll experiment
Basic effect of classical conditioning - Answers - US->UR
CS+US
CS->CR
Behaviorism's success - Answers - produce interesting results
Biological evidence of edges - Answers - - hubel & wiesel's experiments- single cell data
of primary visual cortex
- cat experiment using neural tuning to find a neuron that responds to specific stimuli
(neurons break image down into line segments)
- some of the cells
Relatively early in
The visual processing
Stream care about
Edges.
Blocking effect - Answers - - animal learns nothing about a stimulus if the stimulus
provides no new predictive information (only get learning if you make a bad prediction)
- conditioned response only occurs during the presentation of stimulus A, bc the earlier
conditioning of A "blocks" the conditioning of B when B is added to A.
- can lead to loss in associative strength despite repeated pairings (recorla-wagner
model)
