NRS 2020 - Pharmacology
NRS 2020 FINAL EXAM 2025/2026 100% ACCURATE
FALL-WINTER EXAM REVIEW |ALREADY GRADED A
What are the adverse effects of vancomycin?
- Ototoxicity
- Nephrotoxicity
- Allergy - "Red Man Syndrome"
What are the s/s of Red Man Syndrome?
Flushing or itching of head, neck, upper face, and upper trunk
What may be ordered to reduce the effects of Red Man Syndrome?
Antihistamines
What are the interactions r/t vancomycin (Lyphocin)?
Additive effects in patients receiving neuromuscular blockers
What are the nursing implications r/t vancomycin (Lyphocin)?
- Should be infused > 60 minutes
- Rapid infusions may cause hypotension
What is linezolid (Zyvox)?
ATB that is reserved for serious infections not responding to other treatment
What are the adverse effects r/t linezolid (Zyvox)?
- Hypotension
- Serotonin syndrome when used with SSRIs
- Reactions when used with tyramine-containing foods
What are the indications for nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin)?
UTIs
nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin) is...
safe in pregnancy
What are the nursing implications r/t nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin)?
Use carefully in renal function is impaired
,NRS 2020 - Pharmacology
- Drug concentrates in the urine
- May cause fatal hepatotoxicity
What is the indication for telithromycin (Ketek)?
Reserved for resistant community-acquired pnedu
What is the adverse effect r/t telithromycin (Ketek)?
Risk of severe liver damage
What is tigecycline (Tygacil)?
- New class
- Based on tetracycline to overcome drug resistance
- Broad-spectrum
What is the indication for mupirocin (Bactroban nasal)?
Use for elimination of nasal colonization of MRSA
What is chloramphenicol?
- Old drug
- Intended for very serious hard to treat infections only
- Very risky for blood disorders
What is the MoA of clindamycin (Cleocin)?
- Bacteriostatic
- Inhibits protein synthesis
What are the indications for clindamycin (Cleocin)?
Serious anaerobic infections located outside the CNS
- Gangrene
- Resistant strep infections
Describe anti-tubercular medications.
- Long-term drug therapy
- Combination therapy required due to resistance
- Initial four drug regimen
Describe drug resistance to anti-tubercular medications.
,NRS 2020 - Pharmacology
- Common and increasing worldwide
- Caused by inadequate drug therapy due to noncompliant or erratic therapy
- If, suspected, additional drugs are added
What is the initial drug therapy for tuberculosis?
- Isoniazid (INH)
- rifampid (Rifadin)
- pyrazinamide
- ethambutol or streptomycin
What is the continuation phase of tuberculin drug therapy?
- Isoniazid and Rifampin
- Continued for 4 months
What is tuberculosis?
- Global epidemic
- Multisystem infection
Aerosol spread by pulmonary secretions containing M. tuberculosis
- Patients are placed in negative-pressure respiratory isolation
What does diagnosis of tuberculosis involve?
- PPD Mantoux skin test
- Chest x-ray
- Gram-positive acid-fast bacilli
- Antigens
What is a latent pulmonary infection?
- Bacteria are dormant w/ host having no symptoms
- Drug treatment is initiated
- Can be "reactivated?
What is a active pulmonary infection?
- Bacteria multiplying
S/S
- Productive cough w/ bloody sputum
- Fever, malaise
, NRS 2020 - Pharmacology
- Night sweats
What is the MoA of isoniazid (INH)?
- Bactericidal
- Inhibits cell wall synthesis
What is the indication for isoniazid (INH)?
M. tuberculosis
What are the adverse effects r/t isoniazid (INH)?
Hepatotoxicity
- Increased risk w/ rifampin and alcohol
- Monitor liver enzymes monthly
- Risk for liver damage increases w/ age
What are the interactions r/t isoniazid (INH)?
Interferes w/ actions of pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
- Causes peripheral neuropathy
What is the MoA of mineral oil?
Lubrication of intestines
How is mineral oil administered?
Enema to treat fecal impaction, or orally
What is the MoA of glycerin (suppository)?
- Osmotic agent
- Softens and lubricates hardened, impacted stool
- Some stimulant effect
When does evacuation occur after glycerin suppository insertion?
Approx. 30 minutes
What is a therapeutic use of glycerin (suppository)?
Reestablishing normal bowel function after termination of chronic laxative use
What is the MoA of lubiprostone (Amitza)?
NRS 2020 FINAL EXAM 2025/2026 100% ACCURATE
FALL-WINTER EXAM REVIEW |ALREADY GRADED A
What are the adverse effects of vancomycin?
- Ototoxicity
- Nephrotoxicity
- Allergy - "Red Man Syndrome"
What are the s/s of Red Man Syndrome?
Flushing or itching of head, neck, upper face, and upper trunk
What may be ordered to reduce the effects of Red Man Syndrome?
Antihistamines
What are the interactions r/t vancomycin (Lyphocin)?
Additive effects in patients receiving neuromuscular blockers
What are the nursing implications r/t vancomycin (Lyphocin)?
- Should be infused > 60 minutes
- Rapid infusions may cause hypotension
What is linezolid (Zyvox)?
ATB that is reserved for serious infections not responding to other treatment
What are the adverse effects r/t linezolid (Zyvox)?
- Hypotension
- Serotonin syndrome when used with SSRIs
- Reactions when used with tyramine-containing foods
What are the indications for nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin)?
UTIs
nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin) is...
safe in pregnancy
What are the nursing implications r/t nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin)?
Use carefully in renal function is impaired
,NRS 2020 - Pharmacology
- Drug concentrates in the urine
- May cause fatal hepatotoxicity
What is the indication for telithromycin (Ketek)?
Reserved for resistant community-acquired pnedu
What is the adverse effect r/t telithromycin (Ketek)?
Risk of severe liver damage
What is tigecycline (Tygacil)?
- New class
- Based on tetracycline to overcome drug resistance
- Broad-spectrum
What is the indication for mupirocin (Bactroban nasal)?
Use for elimination of nasal colonization of MRSA
What is chloramphenicol?
- Old drug
- Intended for very serious hard to treat infections only
- Very risky for blood disorders
What is the MoA of clindamycin (Cleocin)?
- Bacteriostatic
- Inhibits protein synthesis
What are the indications for clindamycin (Cleocin)?
Serious anaerobic infections located outside the CNS
- Gangrene
- Resistant strep infections
Describe anti-tubercular medications.
- Long-term drug therapy
- Combination therapy required due to resistance
- Initial four drug regimen
Describe drug resistance to anti-tubercular medications.
,NRS 2020 - Pharmacology
- Common and increasing worldwide
- Caused by inadequate drug therapy due to noncompliant or erratic therapy
- If, suspected, additional drugs are added
What is the initial drug therapy for tuberculosis?
- Isoniazid (INH)
- rifampid (Rifadin)
- pyrazinamide
- ethambutol or streptomycin
What is the continuation phase of tuberculin drug therapy?
- Isoniazid and Rifampin
- Continued for 4 months
What is tuberculosis?
- Global epidemic
- Multisystem infection
Aerosol spread by pulmonary secretions containing M. tuberculosis
- Patients are placed in negative-pressure respiratory isolation
What does diagnosis of tuberculosis involve?
- PPD Mantoux skin test
- Chest x-ray
- Gram-positive acid-fast bacilli
- Antigens
What is a latent pulmonary infection?
- Bacteria are dormant w/ host having no symptoms
- Drug treatment is initiated
- Can be "reactivated?
What is a active pulmonary infection?
- Bacteria multiplying
S/S
- Productive cough w/ bloody sputum
- Fever, malaise
, NRS 2020 - Pharmacology
- Night sweats
What is the MoA of isoniazid (INH)?
- Bactericidal
- Inhibits cell wall synthesis
What is the indication for isoniazid (INH)?
M. tuberculosis
What are the adverse effects r/t isoniazid (INH)?
Hepatotoxicity
- Increased risk w/ rifampin and alcohol
- Monitor liver enzymes monthly
- Risk for liver damage increases w/ age
What are the interactions r/t isoniazid (INH)?
Interferes w/ actions of pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
- Causes peripheral neuropathy
What is the MoA of mineral oil?
Lubrication of intestines
How is mineral oil administered?
Enema to treat fecal impaction, or orally
What is the MoA of glycerin (suppository)?
- Osmotic agent
- Softens and lubricates hardened, impacted stool
- Some stimulant effect
When does evacuation occur after glycerin suppository insertion?
Approx. 30 minutes
What is a therapeutic use of glycerin (suppository)?
Reestablishing normal bowel function after termination of chronic laxative use
What is the MoA of lubiprostone (Amitza)?
