Theme 1
, Paper 1: Theme 1 (politics / economics / industrial relations)
TWE was the Change: Extension of the franchise (ROPA) Change: Rise of Labour + fall of the Liberals (integrate) Continuity: The Conservativ
political 1 Representation of the People’s Act 1918 1 Post-ww1 Liberal disillusionment 1 Wealth & well-resource
landscape - All men over 21, all property-owning women - Wartime cabinet minority - ‘Natural party of
over 30 - LG’s scandals - Chanak Dispute, C 4 H establishment →
transformed, - 1910-18: Electorate trebled from 7.7m → - 1922: Intervened between Turkey & Greece, - Full support of th
1918 - 31? 21.4m ordered British troops into Chanak - (The Times / Pun
- 43% women / 80% w-class - Unnecessary ‘sabre-rattling’ - Wealth: m-class
EARLY Transformation, awakened the political consciousness Running an individualist, American presidency that vans / more full t
Change/continui of the w-class. WATERSHED. failed to resonate with voters - not a total war. party together or
✅
ty 2 FPTP & impact
-
-
FPTP system (constituency basis)
W-class: dense urban / industrial areas
Disillusioned voters & eroded identity.
2 Growth of Labour
- Direct contrast
Grassroots volunteers - m-
public opinion (the natural p
the public sphere) = amplifi
- M/U-class: rural areas - 1917: Henderson resigns from the cabinet 2 Image of stability
- 1918: Directly % increase in Labour’s vote - Tangible break from corruption - 1929 election slo
share - New Labour constitution: clause 4 campaign’
- 7 → 22% (nationalisation) & collectivist vibes - Est 1.6m newly e
Labour directly capitalised on ROPA - coinciding with Clear ideological direction, direct class appeal & → ‘The safe pair
their campaign. Transformed & increased class emerged united. Contrast to Tories. Tradition, stability & econom
consciousness to win over a constituency & establish a OA: Labour capitalised on the disillusionment of Liberal network & established supp
clear demographic. OA: NECESSARY & VITAL. voters & ROPA = shift in the order of politics = 2nd efforts. OA: Continuity of th
Underpinned changes in party vote share. Need to main party = new, fresh. credibility; press & establis
appeal to the reinvigorated electorate (80% w-class) - (-) Not ‘transformational’ - Tories their reputation. (-) ROPA:
- (-) Class conformity - continuity → class consciousness & r
TWE were Yes: Post-ww1 economic challenges Experience of ww2 & wartime measures Impact of ww2 on public &
economic 1 Geddes’ Axe (20s) 1 Expansion of state controls 1 Psychological impact o
challenges the - 1918-22: Taxes rose each year, 30% total - The Emergency Powers Act 1939 - 1939: 3m inner-c
main factor - 1922: over £87m in cuts to pensions / - Home Secretary could arrest & detain rural countryside
unemployment benefits / housing / health citizens without trial - Common sense o
shaping the - 1918-22: Social spending fell £206m to - Over 1.8k British citizens arrested & detained - Softened class c
political £182m - Power to take full control of the workforce - Desire for state m
landscape, - Retrenchment to attempt to balance the - New govt depts: food supplies / info / Understanding that depriva
1918 - 45? budget & make savings economy / aviation / town planning persisting - softened class
- 18-20: Cost of living rose by 25% Extraordinary degrees of authority. Shift in social no longer taboo, it was mos
EARLY - 1921: 21% unemployment responsibility, expectation & acceptance of control. 2 Political change: The B
✅
Causation Fall in tax revenue & increasing unemployment →
reflected on attitudes. Tory appeal: economic stability
2 The Great Depression / economic blizzard (30s)
2 Total war solutions
-
-
Rationing (40), conscription (39)
Over 8.5m Essential Work Orders issued
-
-
1942: Advocated
welfare
Argued the prima
- Oct 29: Wall Street crash = Great Depression - 41% of soldiers = unfit for combat improve people’s
& global fall in trade by 60% - 1945: over a third of Britons had completed a - Tackle the 5 gian
- 1931: 3m unemployed form of war work - Instant bestseller
- Public sector pay cut by 10% WW2 made centrist, collectivist ideas credible. Shift in - Polls: 95% of the
- Royal Navy rioted at the Ivorgordon naval attitudes - long term impact on politics. CONSEQUENCE OF THE
base OA: WW2 necessitated a shift towards CENTRALISED wartime consensus. Shifted
- Drain in tax revenue + increasing numbers management. National Govt, collectivism & consensus. newfound expectation for w
accessing unemployment benefits Less party rhetoric, more pragmatic (-) Laissez faire OA: Psychological change
PRESSURE on the govt to make changes - patriotic welfare & policies in interwar years already shaping planning started - shaping t
soldiers were disillusioned & frustrated. Shaping the attitudes (lasted till 1964 = IMPORTA
formation of the National Govt in 31 & MacD being economic problems meant
forced to resign. OA: Economic pressure forced the NG demanding a departure fro
in 1931 - economic management largely underpinned (evolutionary, not revolution
voting habits & the landscape. (-) Tories: just popular?,
NG: just felt like it?
TWE was the Yes - Britain’s experience of ww2 Conservative weaknesses Labour popularity
1945 Labour 1 Psychological impact of ww2 1 Memories of interwar failures 1 National Govt legacy
landslide - 1939: 3m inner city children evacuated from - Failed to deliver on ‘homes fit for heroes’ - 1945: Attlee & La
inner-city areas to the rural countryside after WW1 (LG & Geddes Axe) - Key wartime cab
due to Britain’s - Opened the eyes of the affluent to the scale - 30s: Great Depression & hungry 30s - Attlee: Deputy PM
experience of of inner-city deprivation - 1931: 3m unemployed & public sector pay - Bevin: managed
WW2? - 1945: over a third, war work cut by 10% union leader
New expectations formed that the state could pioneer Frustration, memories & fractured trust. - Morrison: Home
MID post-war reconstruction; WW2 warmed the public to 2 Out of touch & disillusioned the electorate the Blitz respons
✅
Causation collectivism.
2 Physical impact of ww2
- 41% unfit for combat after the war
-
-
Reliance on Churchill’s reputation as a great
‘war leader’
Naively assumed focusing on the past would
Senior Labour politicians ha
experience, greater credibi
Proof socialism could be ef
- New injuries, radical reconstructing was translate into votes 2 Let Us Face The Future
necessary - Smear tactics: decried Labour were - Electrifying Beve
- 1939: Emergency Medical Service (First Aid ‘dangerous revolutionaries’ who would & NHS
& casualty clearing) introduce a ‘Gestapo - style secret police’ - Universal, free he
- 2m houses bombed in the Blitz - Dangerously out of touch with public opinion - Promise of state-
DIRE state = had to be tackled with a comprehensive - NO Beveridge report in their manifesto - Credible plan for
plan, ONLY adopted by Labour. ‘LOOKING BACKWARDS’ & not towards the future of LOOKING FORWARDS Co
OA: Discontented to return to a laissez-faire approach the Tories. The Electorate decided he was not the man popular. OA: State-funded
or fiscal spending / austerity which the Tories failed to to win the peace. OA: Out of touch with public needs, offered in Britain before. Di
understand. (-) Labour = just sold the vision better old-fashioned, outdated & failed to excite the British appetite & had clearly been
public after total war hardships. (-) interwar - ROPA? Unprecedented popularity.
, TWE was the Consensus: Post-war welfare consensus (40s-50s) No: Challenges to the consensus (60s - 70s) No: Breakdown (1970s)
political 1 Attlee’s welfare state LABOUR 1 MacMillan & economic pressure (57-63) TORY 1 Heath (70-74) - Quiet Re
consensus - 1947: Economic Planning Council is formed - 1959: Treasury members & Chancellor - Intended to break
maintained, - 1948: Marshall aid ($2.7bn) used to fund the Thornleycroft resigning (protest at high more enterprising
welfare state welfare) of the state
1945 - 79? - KEYNESIAN ECONOMICS - NEDDY & NICKY failures - 1st budget: £300
- NHS (1948): Free, universal healthcare - - Refused to devalue the £ free school milk /
LATE doctors, GPs, prescriptions - IMF loan of £714 million - Reversal of ALL
Change/continui - 1979: size & cost had doubled Resorted to large loans - entrenching Britain into long - 1974: State of em
✅
ty Strong commitment - framework & economic
mechanisms to deliver on the Beveridge Report.
2 Eden’s welfare policy (55-57) TORY
term debt. Fracturing welfare consensus under financial
pressure.
2 Wilson & the deficit (64-70) LABOUR
LANDMARK - 1st Conserva
end of the consensus. Econ
stark.
- Eden: One-nation Tory, social harmony - 1964: 878k unemployed 2 Wilson (74-76) & Callag
- Butskellism (Butler + Gaitskell) - Inherited the deficit - 1975: 25-29% inf
- Keynesian: public work schemes - (1964 = £800m) - WILSON: $4bn IM
- 1954 - July ‘55: Unemployment fell from 300k - 1966: Social welfare was 5% GDP & growing - 1976: £3bn cuts
to 215k - 1967: Forced to devalue the £ to stimulate Healy
- 1951-54: 300k houses a year, minister for growth from $2.80 to 2.40 - Cuts so ‘deep the
housing MacMillan 1964 = watershed; financial problems compounded, function’ - MP To
Changing the narrative - no longer laissez-faire. Wilson was forced to resort to devaluation. - Callaghan: 5% w
Welfare consensus was upheld by Conservative Winter of Discont
commitments - homes fit for heroes' mistakes were not OA: The economy needed to be prioritised over Wilson & Denis Healy (cha
being repeated OA: High levels of consensus between corporatist union relations & welfare to salvage Britain by the left-wing of the Labo
Labour & Conservative govts in the 40s and 50s; from economic decline. (-) Arguably the welfare beaten by the power of the
post-war zeitgeist and high levels of investment into consensus & commitment remained strong (NHS the social contract OA: IMF
welfare had a pragmatic impact, but also ideological. remains) short-term ‘fix’, as opposed
(-) Only maintained due to loans in the 40s & relative solutions (like the formation
economic stability in the 50s 1931) (-) Similar → they all
TWE was the Yes: Extension of the franchise (ROPA) Britain’s experience of ww2 Economic challenges & the
political 1 Representation of the People’s Act 1918 1 Expansion of state power 1 Wilson & the deficit (64-
landscape - All men over 21, all property-owning women - Emergency Powers Act 1939 = full control - 1964: 878k unem
over 30 over output & ww2 measures (rationing, - Inherited the defi
transformed, - 1910-18: Electorate trebled from 7.7m → conscription, censorship) - (1964 = £800m)
1918 - 79? 21.4m - 1945: 4m had completed a form of war work - 1966: Social welf
- 43% women / 80% w-class - 41% of soldiers = unfit for combat - 1967: Forced to d
BREADTH Transformation, awakened the political consciousness - 1942 Beveridge Report: need for a radical growth from $2.8
Change/continui of the w-class. WATERSHED. healthcare reconstruction (subdued in the 1964 = watershed; financia
✅
ty 2 FPTP & impact
-
-
FPTP system (constituency basis)
W-class: dense urban / industrial areas
interwar years due to economic issues)
Shift in zeitgeist, radical reconstruction was necessary -
the shift from WW2 to peacetime reminded voters of
Wilson was forced to resort
welfare → the economy be
politics.
- M/U-class: rural areas the post-WW1 failures. 2 Heath (70-74) - Quiet Re
- 1918: Directly % increase in Labour’s vote 2 Economic model - Keynesian economics - Intended to break
share - Govt had sufficient monetary power to keep more enterprising
- 7 → 22% demand high of the state
Labour directly capitalised on ROPA - coinciding with - Urged high employment via job creation - 1st budget: £300
their campaign. Transformed & increased class - Artificial boost = more jobs = consumer boom free school milk /
consciousness to win over a constituency & establish a & disposable income = reinvestment into the - Reversal of ALL
clear demographic. govt & prosperity - 1974: State of em
OA: NECESSARY & VITAL. Underpinned changes in Open-mindedness, centralised solution. Stimulated a LANDMARK - 1st Tory to c
party vote share. Need to appeal to the reinvigorated 50s boom (real wages grew 130% 1950-70) consensus. Economic moti
electorate (80% w-class) OA: Internalised collectivist ideology - modernisation of Stark transition from post-w
- (-) Class conformity - continuity traditional economic theory. (-) Away from L-faire collectivism to loans and de
Winter of D (-) Continued p
TWE did Britain Progress: Post-WW1 boom & the emergence of new No: Recession (20s) & Depression (30s) No: Decline of heavy indus
experience industries 1 Post-war recession - Geddes’ Axe (20s) 1 Foreign competition &
1 The speculative boom (20s) - 1918-22: Taxes rose each year, 30% total - International com
economic - Austerity & savings accumulated during ww1 - 1922: over £87m in cuts to pensions / Britain during the
progress, → demand for luxury items unemployment benefits / housing / health - 1937: 83k tonnes
1918 - 39? - Eg - Soap / coffee / clothes - 1918-22: Social spending fell £206m to (US) at a lower p
- New shares issued for traders / investors / £182m - Japan supplied In
EARLY businesses - Retrenchment to attempt to balance the instead
Change/continui - Money poured into the London stock market budget & make savings Steel production was stagn
✅
ty - 1918-20: No of shares issued grew from
£65m to £384m
Unnatural growth during wartime (demand for arms).
-
-
18-20: Cost of living rose by 25%
1921: 21% unemployment
Work stagnated, hardships of ww1 were not over.
plagued by old machinery.
Empire status & economic
2 The collapse of heavy in
Intense austerity = 20/30s consumerist attitudes Economic revival was not as swift as predicted. Trade - 1919: LG bought
2 The growth of new industries (30s) was severely depressed. docking industrie
- New industries & employment in construction 2 The Great Depression / economic blizzard (30s) - 8hr working day /
/ motor / aviation industries - Oct 29: Wall Street crash = Great Depression - 1921: 74m worki
- Housing boom in the 30s & global fall in trade by 60% - Collapse, decline
- 1930-37: Total value of mortgages rose from - 1931: 3m unemployed - 12% unemploym
£316m to £636m - Public sector pay cut by 10% - Recession hit Wa
- 1931-36: 705k new homes built - Royal Navy rioted at the Ivorgordon naval Work stagnated / higher %
- A third of all new jobs in the 30s = provided base industry was NOT modernis
by the construction industry - Drain in tax revenue + increasing numbers OA: Outdated machinery h
Boom in construction, growing job market = job security accessing unemployment benefits to keep up with internationa
& confidence in Britain’s economic health. Financial pressure. Failure to cope during international invest during ww1 had long
, Paper 1: Theme 1 (politics / economics / industrial relations)
TWE was the Change: Extension of the franchise (ROPA) Change: Rise of Labour + fall of the Liberals (integrate) Continuity: The Conservativ
political 1 Representation of the People’s Act 1918 1 Post-ww1 Liberal disillusionment 1 Wealth & well-resource
landscape - All men over 21, all property-owning women - Wartime cabinet minority - ‘Natural party of
over 30 - LG’s scandals - Chanak Dispute, C 4 H establishment →
transformed, - 1910-18: Electorate trebled from 7.7m → - 1922: Intervened between Turkey & Greece, - Full support of th
1918 - 31? 21.4m ordered British troops into Chanak - (The Times / Pun
- 43% women / 80% w-class - Unnecessary ‘sabre-rattling’ - Wealth: m-class
EARLY Transformation, awakened the political consciousness Running an individualist, American presidency that vans / more full t
Change/continui of the w-class. WATERSHED. failed to resonate with voters - not a total war. party together or
✅
ty 2 FPTP & impact
-
-
FPTP system (constituency basis)
W-class: dense urban / industrial areas
Disillusioned voters & eroded identity.
2 Growth of Labour
- Direct contrast
Grassroots volunteers - m-
public opinion (the natural p
the public sphere) = amplifi
- M/U-class: rural areas - 1917: Henderson resigns from the cabinet 2 Image of stability
- 1918: Directly % increase in Labour’s vote - Tangible break from corruption - 1929 election slo
share - New Labour constitution: clause 4 campaign’
- 7 → 22% (nationalisation) & collectivist vibes - Est 1.6m newly e
Labour directly capitalised on ROPA - coinciding with Clear ideological direction, direct class appeal & → ‘The safe pair
their campaign. Transformed & increased class emerged united. Contrast to Tories. Tradition, stability & econom
consciousness to win over a constituency & establish a OA: Labour capitalised on the disillusionment of Liberal network & established supp
clear demographic. OA: NECESSARY & VITAL. voters & ROPA = shift in the order of politics = 2nd efforts. OA: Continuity of th
Underpinned changes in party vote share. Need to main party = new, fresh. credibility; press & establis
appeal to the reinvigorated electorate (80% w-class) - (-) Not ‘transformational’ - Tories their reputation. (-) ROPA:
- (-) Class conformity - continuity → class consciousness & r
TWE were Yes: Post-ww1 economic challenges Experience of ww2 & wartime measures Impact of ww2 on public &
economic 1 Geddes’ Axe (20s) 1 Expansion of state controls 1 Psychological impact o
challenges the - 1918-22: Taxes rose each year, 30% total - The Emergency Powers Act 1939 - 1939: 3m inner-c
main factor - 1922: over £87m in cuts to pensions / - Home Secretary could arrest & detain rural countryside
unemployment benefits / housing / health citizens without trial - Common sense o
shaping the - 1918-22: Social spending fell £206m to - Over 1.8k British citizens arrested & detained - Softened class c
political £182m - Power to take full control of the workforce - Desire for state m
landscape, - Retrenchment to attempt to balance the - New govt depts: food supplies / info / Understanding that depriva
1918 - 45? budget & make savings economy / aviation / town planning persisting - softened class
- 18-20: Cost of living rose by 25% Extraordinary degrees of authority. Shift in social no longer taboo, it was mos
EARLY - 1921: 21% unemployment responsibility, expectation & acceptance of control. 2 Political change: The B
✅
Causation Fall in tax revenue & increasing unemployment →
reflected on attitudes. Tory appeal: economic stability
2 The Great Depression / economic blizzard (30s)
2 Total war solutions
-
-
Rationing (40), conscription (39)
Over 8.5m Essential Work Orders issued
-
-
1942: Advocated
welfare
Argued the prima
- Oct 29: Wall Street crash = Great Depression - 41% of soldiers = unfit for combat improve people’s
& global fall in trade by 60% - 1945: over a third of Britons had completed a - Tackle the 5 gian
- 1931: 3m unemployed form of war work - Instant bestseller
- Public sector pay cut by 10% WW2 made centrist, collectivist ideas credible. Shift in - Polls: 95% of the
- Royal Navy rioted at the Ivorgordon naval attitudes - long term impact on politics. CONSEQUENCE OF THE
base OA: WW2 necessitated a shift towards CENTRALISED wartime consensus. Shifted
- Drain in tax revenue + increasing numbers management. National Govt, collectivism & consensus. newfound expectation for w
accessing unemployment benefits Less party rhetoric, more pragmatic (-) Laissez faire OA: Psychological change
PRESSURE on the govt to make changes - patriotic welfare & policies in interwar years already shaping planning started - shaping t
soldiers were disillusioned & frustrated. Shaping the attitudes (lasted till 1964 = IMPORTA
formation of the National Govt in 31 & MacD being economic problems meant
forced to resign. OA: Economic pressure forced the NG demanding a departure fro
in 1931 - economic management largely underpinned (evolutionary, not revolution
voting habits & the landscape. (-) Tories: just popular?,
NG: just felt like it?
TWE was the Yes - Britain’s experience of ww2 Conservative weaknesses Labour popularity
1945 Labour 1 Psychological impact of ww2 1 Memories of interwar failures 1 National Govt legacy
landslide - 1939: 3m inner city children evacuated from - Failed to deliver on ‘homes fit for heroes’ - 1945: Attlee & La
inner-city areas to the rural countryside after WW1 (LG & Geddes Axe) - Key wartime cab
due to Britain’s - Opened the eyes of the affluent to the scale - 30s: Great Depression & hungry 30s - Attlee: Deputy PM
experience of of inner-city deprivation - 1931: 3m unemployed & public sector pay - Bevin: managed
WW2? - 1945: over a third, war work cut by 10% union leader
New expectations formed that the state could pioneer Frustration, memories & fractured trust. - Morrison: Home
MID post-war reconstruction; WW2 warmed the public to 2 Out of touch & disillusioned the electorate the Blitz respons
✅
Causation collectivism.
2 Physical impact of ww2
- 41% unfit for combat after the war
-
-
Reliance on Churchill’s reputation as a great
‘war leader’
Naively assumed focusing on the past would
Senior Labour politicians ha
experience, greater credibi
Proof socialism could be ef
- New injuries, radical reconstructing was translate into votes 2 Let Us Face The Future
necessary - Smear tactics: decried Labour were - Electrifying Beve
- 1939: Emergency Medical Service (First Aid ‘dangerous revolutionaries’ who would & NHS
& casualty clearing) introduce a ‘Gestapo - style secret police’ - Universal, free he
- 2m houses bombed in the Blitz - Dangerously out of touch with public opinion - Promise of state-
DIRE state = had to be tackled with a comprehensive - NO Beveridge report in their manifesto - Credible plan for
plan, ONLY adopted by Labour. ‘LOOKING BACKWARDS’ & not towards the future of LOOKING FORWARDS Co
OA: Discontented to return to a laissez-faire approach the Tories. The Electorate decided he was not the man popular. OA: State-funded
or fiscal spending / austerity which the Tories failed to to win the peace. OA: Out of touch with public needs, offered in Britain before. Di
understand. (-) Labour = just sold the vision better old-fashioned, outdated & failed to excite the British appetite & had clearly been
public after total war hardships. (-) interwar - ROPA? Unprecedented popularity.
, TWE was the Consensus: Post-war welfare consensus (40s-50s) No: Challenges to the consensus (60s - 70s) No: Breakdown (1970s)
political 1 Attlee’s welfare state LABOUR 1 MacMillan & economic pressure (57-63) TORY 1 Heath (70-74) - Quiet Re
consensus - 1947: Economic Planning Council is formed - 1959: Treasury members & Chancellor - Intended to break
maintained, - 1948: Marshall aid ($2.7bn) used to fund the Thornleycroft resigning (protest at high more enterprising
welfare state welfare) of the state
1945 - 79? - KEYNESIAN ECONOMICS - NEDDY & NICKY failures - 1st budget: £300
- NHS (1948): Free, universal healthcare - - Refused to devalue the £ free school milk /
LATE doctors, GPs, prescriptions - IMF loan of £714 million - Reversal of ALL
Change/continui - 1979: size & cost had doubled Resorted to large loans - entrenching Britain into long - 1974: State of em
✅
ty Strong commitment - framework & economic
mechanisms to deliver on the Beveridge Report.
2 Eden’s welfare policy (55-57) TORY
term debt. Fracturing welfare consensus under financial
pressure.
2 Wilson & the deficit (64-70) LABOUR
LANDMARK - 1st Conserva
end of the consensus. Econ
stark.
- Eden: One-nation Tory, social harmony - 1964: 878k unemployed 2 Wilson (74-76) & Callag
- Butskellism (Butler + Gaitskell) - Inherited the deficit - 1975: 25-29% inf
- Keynesian: public work schemes - (1964 = £800m) - WILSON: $4bn IM
- 1954 - July ‘55: Unemployment fell from 300k - 1966: Social welfare was 5% GDP & growing - 1976: £3bn cuts
to 215k - 1967: Forced to devalue the £ to stimulate Healy
- 1951-54: 300k houses a year, minister for growth from $2.80 to 2.40 - Cuts so ‘deep the
housing MacMillan 1964 = watershed; financial problems compounded, function’ - MP To
Changing the narrative - no longer laissez-faire. Wilson was forced to resort to devaluation. - Callaghan: 5% w
Welfare consensus was upheld by Conservative Winter of Discont
commitments - homes fit for heroes' mistakes were not OA: The economy needed to be prioritised over Wilson & Denis Healy (cha
being repeated OA: High levels of consensus between corporatist union relations & welfare to salvage Britain by the left-wing of the Labo
Labour & Conservative govts in the 40s and 50s; from economic decline. (-) Arguably the welfare beaten by the power of the
post-war zeitgeist and high levels of investment into consensus & commitment remained strong (NHS the social contract OA: IMF
welfare had a pragmatic impact, but also ideological. remains) short-term ‘fix’, as opposed
(-) Only maintained due to loans in the 40s & relative solutions (like the formation
economic stability in the 50s 1931) (-) Similar → they all
TWE was the Yes: Extension of the franchise (ROPA) Britain’s experience of ww2 Economic challenges & the
political 1 Representation of the People’s Act 1918 1 Expansion of state power 1 Wilson & the deficit (64-
landscape - All men over 21, all property-owning women - Emergency Powers Act 1939 = full control - 1964: 878k unem
over 30 over output & ww2 measures (rationing, - Inherited the defi
transformed, - 1910-18: Electorate trebled from 7.7m → conscription, censorship) - (1964 = £800m)
1918 - 79? 21.4m - 1945: 4m had completed a form of war work - 1966: Social welf
- 43% women / 80% w-class - 41% of soldiers = unfit for combat - 1967: Forced to d
BREADTH Transformation, awakened the political consciousness - 1942 Beveridge Report: need for a radical growth from $2.8
Change/continui of the w-class. WATERSHED. healthcare reconstruction (subdued in the 1964 = watershed; financia
✅
ty 2 FPTP & impact
-
-
FPTP system (constituency basis)
W-class: dense urban / industrial areas
interwar years due to economic issues)
Shift in zeitgeist, radical reconstruction was necessary -
the shift from WW2 to peacetime reminded voters of
Wilson was forced to resort
welfare → the economy be
politics.
- M/U-class: rural areas the post-WW1 failures. 2 Heath (70-74) - Quiet Re
- 1918: Directly % increase in Labour’s vote 2 Economic model - Keynesian economics - Intended to break
share - Govt had sufficient monetary power to keep more enterprising
- 7 → 22% demand high of the state
Labour directly capitalised on ROPA - coinciding with - Urged high employment via job creation - 1st budget: £300
their campaign. Transformed & increased class - Artificial boost = more jobs = consumer boom free school milk /
consciousness to win over a constituency & establish a & disposable income = reinvestment into the - Reversal of ALL
clear demographic. govt & prosperity - 1974: State of em
OA: NECESSARY & VITAL. Underpinned changes in Open-mindedness, centralised solution. Stimulated a LANDMARK - 1st Tory to c
party vote share. Need to appeal to the reinvigorated 50s boom (real wages grew 130% 1950-70) consensus. Economic moti
electorate (80% w-class) OA: Internalised collectivist ideology - modernisation of Stark transition from post-w
- (-) Class conformity - continuity traditional economic theory. (-) Away from L-faire collectivism to loans and de
Winter of D (-) Continued p
TWE did Britain Progress: Post-WW1 boom & the emergence of new No: Recession (20s) & Depression (30s) No: Decline of heavy indus
experience industries 1 Post-war recession - Geddes’ Axe (20s) 1 Foreign competition &
1 The speculative boom (20s) - 1918-22: Taxes rose each year, 30% total - International com
economic - Austerity & savings accumulated during ww1 - 1922: over £87m in cuts to pensions / Britain during the
progress, → demand for luxury items unemployment benefits / housing / health - 1937: 83k tonnes
1918 - 39? - Eg - Soap / coffee / clothes - 1918-22: Social spending fell £206m to (US) at a lower p
- New shares issued for traders / investors / £182m - Japan supplied In
EARLY businesses - Retrenchment to attempt to balance the instead
Change/continui - Money poured into the London stock market budget & make savings Steel production was stagn
✅
ty - 1918-20: No of shares issued grew from
£65m to £384m
Unnatural growth during wartime (demand for arms).
-
-
18-20: Cost of living rose by 25%
1921: 21% unemployment
Work stagnated, hardships of ww1 were not over.
plagued by old machinery.
Empire status & economic
2 The collapse of heavy in
Intense austerity = 20/30s consumerist attitudes Economic revival was not as swift as predicted. Trade - 1919: LG bought
2 The growth of new industries (30s) was severely depressed. docking industrie
- New industries & employment in construction 2 The Great Depression / economic blizzard (30s) - 8hr working day /
/ motor / aviation industries - Oct 29: Wall Street crash = Great Depression - 1921: 74m worki
- Housing boom in the 30s & global fall in trade by 60% - Collapse, decline
- 1930-37: Total value of mortgages rose from - 1931: 3m unemployed - 12% unemploym
£316m to £636m - Public sector pay cut by 10% - Recession hit Wa
- 1931-36: 705k new homes built - Royal Navy rioted at the Ivorgordon naval Work stagnated / higher %
- A third of all new jobs in the 30s = provided base industry was NOT modernis
by the construction industry - Drain in tax revenue + increasing numbers OA: Outdated machinery h
Boom in construction, growing job market = job security accessing unemployment benefits to keep up with internationa
& confidence in Britain’s economic health. Financial pressure. Failure to cope during international invest during ww1 had long
