PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM #4: Alterations of Pulmonary
Function UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT
Answers
Tidal volume Volume of air exhaled after normal inspirations (500 mL)
Residual volume Volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum respiration (1200 mL)
Vital capacity Maximal amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs with a single
forced inspiration and expiration (4800 mL)
Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) Volume exhaled in the first second after deep inspiration and forced expiration
Forced vital capacity (FVC) Total volume of air that the patient can forcibly exhale in one breath
The values of ____________ and ________ are expressed as a FEV1 and FVC (expressed as FEV1/FVC)
percentage of the predicted normal for a person of the
same sex, age, and height.
Describe how FEV1 and FVC (and their ratio) are affected - Reduced FEV1 (<80% of the predicted normal)
in an obstructive pattern - Reduced FVC (but to a lesser extent than FEV1)
- FEV1/FVC ratio is reduced (<0.7)
, Mild obstruction - FEV1 is 80% or more of the predicted value
- If you have mild COPD, your spirometry test results can be normal after you
take medication.
Moderate obstruction FEV1 is 50-79% of the predicted value after medication
Severe obstruction FEV1 is 30-49% of the predicted value after medication
Very severe obstruction FEV1 is below 30% of the predicted value after medication
Describe how FEV1 and FVC (and their ratio) are affected - Reduced FEV1 (<80% of predicted normal)
in a restrictive pattern - Reduced FVC (<80% of predicted normal)
- FEV1/FVC ratio is normal (>0.7)
Dyspnea - Subjective sensation of uncomfortable breathing
- May not correlate with underlying disease
- Due to diffuse or focal disturbances in ventilation, gas exchange, or ventilation-
perfusion
Severe dyspnea - Flaring of the nostrils
- Use of accessory muscles of respiration
- Retraction of the intercostal spaces
Dyspnea on exertion Shortness of breath with activity
Orthopnea Dyspnea when lying down
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) - Awakening at night and gasping for air, must sit or stand up
- Heart failure and pulmonary disease
What is a cough? Protective reflex that helps clear the upper airways; an explosive respiration
Irritant receptors in the airway are stimulated by... - Particles
- Mucous
- Inflammation
- Foreign body
There are very _____ (few, many) irritant receptors in few; so we may have significant secretions in the distal airway without any cough
the distal airways (distal bronchi/alveaoli) initaited
Steps of the cough reflex 1.) Inspiration
2.) Closure of glottis and vocal cords
3.) Contraction of expiratory muscles
4.) Reopening of glottis
5.) Sudden forceful expiration (ideally removing particles/fb/mucous)
Function UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT
Answers
Tidal volume Volume of air exhaled after normal inspirations (500 mL)
Residual volume Volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum respiration (1200 mL)
Vital capacity Maximal amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs with a single
forced inspiration and expiration (4800 mL)
Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) Volume exhaled in the first second after deep inspiration and forced expiration
Forced vital capacity (FVC) Total volume of air that the patient can forcibly exhale in one breath
The values of ____________ and ________ are expressed as a FEV1 and FVC (expressed as FEV1/FVC)
percentage of the predicted normal for a person of the
same sex, age, and height.
Describe how FEV1 and FVC (and their ratio) are affected - Reduced FEV1 (<80% of the predicted normal)
in an obstructive pattern - Reduced FVC (but to a lesser extent than FEV1)
- FEV1/FVC ratio is reduced (<0.7)
, Mild obstruction - FEV1 is 80% or more of the predicted value
- If you have mild COPD, your spirometry test results can be normal after you
take medication.
Moderate obstruction FEV1 is 50-79% of the predicted value after medication
Severe obstruction FEV1 is 30-49% of the predicted value after medication
Very severe obstruction FEV1 is below 30% of the predicted value after medication
Describe how FEV1 and FVC (and their ratio) are affected - Reduced FEV1 (<80% of predicted normal)
in a restrictive pattern - Reduced FVC (<80% of predicted normal)
- FEV1/FVC ratio is normal (>0.7)
Dyspnea - Subjective sensation of uncomfortable breathing
- May not correlate with underlying disease
- Due to diffuse or focal disturbances in ventilation, gas exchange, or ventilation-
perfusion
Severe dyspnea - Flaring of the nostrils
- Use of accessory muscles of respiration
- Retraction of the intercostal spaces
Dyspnea on exertion Shortness of breath with activity
Orthopnea Dyspnea when lying down
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) - Awakening at night and gasping for air, must sit or stand up
- Heart failure and pulmonary disease
What is a cough? Protective reflex that helps clear the upper airways; an explosive respiration
Irritant receptors in the airway are stimulated by... - Particles
- Mucous
- Inflammation
- Foreign body
There are very _____ (few, many) irritant receptors in few; so we may have significant secretions in the distal airway without any cough
the distal airways (distal bronchi/alveaoli) initaited
Steps of the cough reflex 1.) Inspiration
2.) Closure of glottis and vocal cords
3.) Contraction of expiratory muscles
4.) Reopening of glottis
5.) Sudden forceful expiration (ideally removing particles/fb/mucous)
