ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NURS 5060, CHAPTER 1,2,
3 LATEST REVIEWED STUDY GUIDE
Chapter 1: Cellular Biology
I. Cell Types
• Prokaryotes: No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; examples include bacteria and
cyanobacteria.
• Eukaryotes: Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; examples include animal
and plant cells.
II. Cellular Functions
1. Movement: Muscle cells contract.
2. Conductivity: Nerve cells generate and transmit electrical impulses.
3. Metabolic Absorption: Cells absorb nutrients (e.g., intestinal cells).
4. Secretion: Gland cells synthesize and release substances (e.g., hormones).
5. Excretion: Lysosomes digest and remove waste.
6. Respiration: Mitochondria convert nutrients into energy (ATP).
7. Reproduction: Cell division via mitosis or meiosis.
8. Communication: Signal molecules and receptors coordinate functions.
III. Cell Structure
• Plasma Membrane: Composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins; regulates transport and
communication.
• Cytoplasm: Contains organelles and cytosol; site for most cellular processes.
• Organelles:
o Nucleus: Contains DNA; directs cell activities.
o Ribosomes: Protein synthesis; can be free or bound to ER.
o Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
▪ Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes; protein synthesis.
▪ Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis and detoxification.
o Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins and lipids.
o Mitochondria: Site of ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation.
o Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for intracellular digestion.
o Peroxisomes: Detoxify harmful substances; metabolize lipids.
o Cytoskeleton: Maintains cell shape, enables movement, organizes organelles.
IV. Plasma Membrane Proteins
• Functions: Receptors, transporters, enzymes, markers, adhesion molecules.
V. Cell Adhesion and Communication
• Extracellular Matrix (ECM): Provides structural support, regulates behavior.
• Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs): Facilitate cell attachment to each other and ECM.
• Junctions: Tight, gap, desmosomes maintain tissue integrity.
3 LATEST REVIEWED STUDY GUIDE
Chapter 1: Cellular Biology
I. Cell Types
• Prokaryotes: No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; examples include bacteria and
cyanobacteria.
• Eukaryotes: Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; examples include animal
and plant cells.
II. Cellular Functions
1. Movement: Muscle cells contract.
2. Conductivity: Nerve cells generate and transmit electrical impulses.
3. Metabolic Absorption: Cells absorb nutrients (e.g., intestinal cells).
4. Secretion: Gland cells synthesize and release substances (e.g., hormones).
5. Excretion: Lysosomes digest and remove waste.
6. Respiration: Mitochondria convert nutrients into energy (ATP).
7. Reproduction: Cell division via mitosis or meiosis.
8. Communication: Signal molecules and receptors coordinate functions.
III. Cell Structure
• Plasma Membrane: Composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins; regulates transport and
communication.
• Cytoplasm: Contains organelles and cytosol; site for most cellular processes.
• Organelles:
o Nucleus: Contains DNA; directs cell activities.
o Ribosomes: Protein synthesis; can be free or bound to ER.
o Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
▪ Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes; protein synthesis.
▪ Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis and detoxification.
o Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins and lipids.
o Mitochondria: Site of ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation.
o Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for intracellular digestion.
o Peroxisomes: Detoxify harmful substances; metabolize lipids.
o Cytoskeleton: Maintains cell shape, enables movement, organizes organelles.
IV. Plasma Membrane Proteins
• Functions: Receptors, transporters, enzymes, markers, adhesion molecules.
V. Cell Adhesion and Communication
• Extracellular Matrix (ECM): Provides structural support, regulates behavior.
• Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs): Facilitate cell attachment to each other and ECM.
• Junctions: Tight, gap, desmosomes maintain tissue integrity.
