Organic Chemistry 1 FINAL
EXAM
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2026_2027 UPDATES
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,If one covalent bond is made, then broken
another must be .... -vise versa as well
Constitutional Isomers Compounds that have the same number and kind of
atoms, but have different arrangements
- not just flipped or symmetrical
Conformational Isomers Different arrangements that result from rotation
around a single bond
Configurational Isomers - a form of stereoisomer
- compounds that have the same atoms and
connectivity, but differ in their arrangements in space
-ex: cis and trans isomers
sp hybridized orbitals 2 bonding groups
- 180º angle
- linear
sp2 hybridized orbitals 3 bonding groups
- trigonal planar
-120º angle
sp3 hybridized orbitals - 4 bonding groups
-tetrahederal shape
- 109.5º angle
Bonding groups lone pair, single bond, double bond, or triple bond
Single bond 1 sigma bond
- can freely rotate
Double bond 1 sigma bond, 1 pi bond
- cannot rotate
, triple bond 1 sigma bond, 2 pi bonds
-cannot rotate
Molecular formula lists the total # of elements in the molecule
- named CH, then other elements in alphabetical
order
Condensed structural formula lists groupings in order of bonding
Lewis Structures shows bonding and non-bonding electrons
Line bond structures uses lines as bonds rather than showing the
electrons in Lewis structure
Skeletal structure each line is a carbon
- H's are not drawn but are assumed
Electronegativity trend increases up and to the right
- F is the most EN atom
Calculating Formal Charge 1. Count the e- assigned to each atom
- lone pair = 2, bond is split in half=1
2. If the number of e- counted is less than the
number of valence electrons for that atom: + formal
charge
- if more than valence electrons: - formal charge
Resonance Rules 1. Individual resonance is imaginary, not real (real is
a hybrid between resonance forms)
2. Differ only in the forms of pi bonds and lone pairs
3. Different resonance forms do not have to be
equivalent
4. Must obey normal valency and octet rules
5. Resonance hybrid is more stable than any major
resonance form
EXAM
Latest Already Graded A+
2026_2027 UPDATES
Questions And Answers
Solved 100% Correct
_Certified Study Resources
,If one covalent bond is made, then broken
another must be .... -vise versa as well
Constitutional Isomers Compounds that have the same number and kind of
atoms, but have different arrangements
- not just flipped or symmetrical
Conformational Isomers Different arrangements that result from rotation
around a single bond
Configurational Isomers - a form of stereoisomer
- compounds that have the same atoms and
connectivity, but differ in their arrangements in space
-ex: cis and trans isomers
sp hybridized orbitals 2 bonding groups
- 180º angle
- linear
sp2 hybridized orbitals 3 bonding groups
- trigonal planar
-120º angle
sp3 hybridized orbitals - 4 bonding groups
-tetrahederal shape
- 109.5º angle
Bonding groups lone pair, single bond, double bond, or triple bond
Single bond 1 sigma bond
- can freely rotate
Double bond 1 sigma bond, 1 pi bond
- cannot rotate
, triple bond 1 sigma bond, 2 pi bonds
-cannot rotate
Molecular formula lists the total # of elements in the molecule
- named CH, then other elements in alphabetical
order
Condensed structural formula lists groupings in order of bonding
Lewis Structures shows bonding and non-bonding electrons
Line bond structures uses lines as bonds rather than showing the
electrons in Lewis structure
Skeletal structure each line is a carbon
- H's are not drawn but are assumed
Electronegativity trend increases up and to the right
- F is the most EN atom
Calculating Formal Charge 1. Count the e- assigned to each atom
- lone pair = 2, bond is split in half=1
2. If the number of e- counted is less than the
number of valence electrons for that atom: + formal
charge
- if more than valence electrons: - formal charge
Resonance Rules 1. Individual resonance is imaginary, not real (real is
a hybrid between resonance forms)
2. Differ only in the forms of pi bonds and lone pairs
3. Different resonance forms do not have to be
equivalent
4. Must obey normal valency and octet rules
5. Resonance hybrid is more stable than any major
resonance form
