BIO 245 KLESATH NCSU EXAM 1
COMPETENCY REVIEW 2026 MOCK TEST
COMPLETE KEY INSIGHTS
◉ True Hormones.
Answer: Hormones released into the bloodstream and can access
target cells throughout the body
Go from blood to interstitial space (out of blood) and to the target
cell which has the receptors
These receptors can be within the plasma membrane (cytoplasm or
nucleus) of the cell or inside the cell
◉ Local Hormones.
Answer: Hormones that do not circulate in the bloodstream
They are limited in which cells they can impact
Can only impact local/close cells that aren't far away
Autocrine Stimulation
Paracrine Stimulation
Eicosanoids
Primary local hormone formed from fatty acids within phospholipid
bilayer
Ex. Prostaglandins
,Stimulate pain receptors and increase inflammatory responses
(immune responses)
Aspirin and other anti-inflammatory drugs block the prostaglandins
from forming because they can have too great of an effect
◉ Autocrine Stimulation vs. Paracrine Stimulation.
Answer: Autocrine Stimulation:
- Effects the same cell where the messenger was formed
Paracrine Stimulation:
- Effects the neighboring cells around it
◉ three reflex mechanisms that stimulate hormone secretion.
Answer: Hormonal, Humoral, Nervous
◉ Hormonal Stimulation.
Answer: Hormone 1 binds to an endocrine organ which tells
hormone 2 to release into the bloodstream
Ex. Anterior pituitary releases (TSH) to stimulate thyroid gland to
release (TH)
◉ Humoral Stimulation.
Answer: "Humor" - Body Fluids - Blood
Hormone release occurs due to change in blood concentration
, - Blood glucose levels
- Blood calcium levels
Ex. Pancreas secretes insulin in response to high blood glucose
◉ Nervous Stimulation.
Answer: Hormones released in direct response to a neuron firing
(nervous system stimulation)
Ex. A neuron is fired and stimulate the Adrenal Medulla to release
epinephrine and norepinephrine
◉ three structural categories of circulating hormones.
Answer: Biogenic Amines, Proteins, Steroids
◉ Biogenic Amines.
Answer: Derived from amino acids (small); water soluble expect for
the Thyroid Hormone which is lipid soluble
Ex. Thyroid Hormones, Catecholamines (Epinephrine,
norepinephrine and dopamine)
◉ Proteins.
Answer: Peptides, polypeptides, glycoproteins (proteins with sugars
in them),water soluble
Ex. Insulin, Growth Hormone
COMPETENCY REVIEW 2026 MOCK TEST
COMPLETE KEY INSIGHTS
◉ True Hormones.
Answer: Hormones released into the bloodstream and can access
target cells throughout the body
Go from blood to interstitial space (out of blood) and to the target
cell which has the receptors
These receptors can be within the plasma membrane (cytoplasm or
nucleus) of the cell or inside the cell
◉ Local Hormones.
Answer: Hormones that do not circulate in the bloodstream
They are limited in which cells they can impact
Can only impact local/close cells that aren't far away
Autocrine Stimulation
Paracrine Stimulation
Eicosanoids
Primary local hormone formed from fatty acids within phospholipid
bilayer
Ex. Prostaglandins
,Stimulate pain receptors and increase inflammatory responses
(immune responses)
Aspirin and other anti-inflammatory drugs block the prostaglandins
from forming because they can have too great of an effect
◉ Autocrine Stimulation vs. Paracrine Stimulation.
Answer: Autocrine Stimulation:
- Effects the same cell where the messenger was formed
Paracrine Stimulation:
- Effects the neighboring cells around it
◉ three reflex mechanisms that stimulate hormone secretion.
Answer: Hormonal, Humoral, Nervous
◉ Hormonal Stimulation.
Answer: Hormone 1 binds to an endocrine organ which tells
hormone 2 to release into the bloodstream
Ex. Anterior pituitary releases (TSH) to stimulate thyroid gland to
release (TH)
◉ Humoral Stimulation.
Answer: "Humor" - Body Fluids - Blood
Hormone release occurs due to change in blood concentration
, - Blood glucose levels
- Blood calcium levels
Ex. Pancreas secretes insulin in response to high blood glucose
◉ Nervous Stimulation.
Answer: Hormones released in direct response to a neuron firing
(nervous system stimulation)
Ex. A neuron is fired and stimulate the Adrenal Medulla to release
epinephrine and norepinephrine
◉ three structural categories of circulating hormones.
Answer: Biogenic Amines, Proteins, Steroids
◉ Biogenic Amines.
Answer: Derived from amino acids (small); water soluble expect for
the Thyroid Hormone which is lipid soluble
Ex. Thyroid Hormones, Catecholamines (Epinephrine,
norepinephrine and dopamine)
◉ Proteins.
Answer: Peptides, polypeptides, glycoproteins (proteins with sugars
in them),water soluble
Ex. Insulin, Growth Hormone
