BIO 152 MODULE ACTUAL EXAMINATION
TEST PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ Eukaryote. Answer: An organism whose cell(s) have a nucleus and
organelles. These include plants, algae, fungi, and animals, and all share
a common ancestor.
⩥ Stem Cell. Answer: An unspecialized cell that divides by mitosis to
generate many daughter cells that specialize for a particular role. In
plants, they are typically found in meristems.
⩥ Photosynthesis. Answer: A biological reaction that uses energy from
light to convert carbon dioxide into organic molecules, like sugars. Used
by plants, algae, and cyanobacteria to make food and it produces oxygen
as a byproduct.
⩥ Cyanobacteria. Answer: A group of bacteria (prokaryotes) that were
the first oxygen-producing photosynthetic life on Earth that increased
the oxygen content of the atmosphere.
⩥ Oxygen Revolution. Answer: The mass-oxygenation of Earth's
atmosphere around 2.5 billion years ago caused by the photosynthetic
activity of cyanobacteria.
,⩥ Embryophyte. Answer: The true land plants, united by certain
specialized traits. Used as a synonym for "plant" in this text.
⩥ Charophytes. Answer: A group of green algae that are the closest
living lineage to the land plants (embryophytes).
⩥ Green Algae. Answer: A group of photosynthetic eukaryotic
organisms that are distantly related to true land plants (embryophytes).
Sometimes used as a synonym for charophyte.
⩥ Sporopollenin. Answer: A tough polymer employed by both algae and
plants to encase reproductive cells to protect them from drying out.
Forms the walls of spores and pollen.
⩥ Anthocyanins. Answer: Pigments produced by plants to prevent
damage from solar radiation and herbivores.
⩥ Hydrostatic skeleton. Answer: The rigid structural support of land
plants resulting from internal turgor pressure acting on tough cellulose-
based cell walls from the water-filled cell inside.
⩥ Lignin. Answer: A very tough polymer used by plants to structurally
reinforce certain cell walls. It is an important component in wood that
gives it its strength
, ⩥ Roots. Answer: One of the main organ systems in vascular plants.
Vascular structures that anchor the plant in a substrate, usually soil,
extract water and nutrients from it and transport them to the rest of the
plant.
⩥ Holdfast. Answer: A structure in algae that secures them to a
particular spot.
⩥ Rhizoids. Answer: Simple root-like structures in nonvascular plants
that anchor them to a substrate but do not transport water or nutrients
like true roots.
⩥ Gametes. Answer: Sex cells. Usually haploid cells, male and female,
that fuse during fertilization to form a zygote.
⩥ Meiosis. Answer: A type of cell division that produces four haploid
daughter cells from a single diploid cell. Used to form gametes in
humans and spores in plants as part of the sexual cycle.
⩥ Zygote. Answer: A new, diploid organism resulting from the fusion of
haploid gametes during fertilization.
⩥ Diploid. Answer: An organism whose cells have two complete sets of
chromosomes in their nuclei, abbreviated as 2n (see haploid).
TEST PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ Eukaryote. Answer: An organism whose cell(s) have a nucleus and
organelles. These include plants, algae, fungi, and animals, and all share
a common ancestor.
⩥ Stem Cell. Answer: An unspecialized cell that divides by mitosis to
generate many daughter cells that specialize for a particular role. In
plants, they are typically found in meristems.
⩥ Photosynthesis. Answer: A biological reaction that uses energy from
light to convert carbon dioxide into organic molecules, like sugars. Used
by plants, algae, and cyanobacteria to make food and it produces oxygen
as a byproduct.
⩥ Cyanobacteria. Answer: A group of bacteria (prokaryotes) that were
the first oxygen-producing photosynthetic life on Earth that increased
the oxygen content of the atmosphere.
⩥ Oxygen Revolution. Answer: The mass-oxygenation of Earth's
atmosphere around 2.5 billion years ago caused by the photosynthetic
activity of cyanobacteria.
,⩥ Embryophyte. Answer: The true land plants, united by certain
specialized traits. Used as a synonym for "plant" in this text.
⩥ Charophytes. Answer: A group of green algae that are the closest
living lineage to the land plants (embryophytes).
⩥ Green Algae. Answer: A group of photosynthetic eukaryotic
organisms that are distantly related to true land plants (embryophytes).
Sometimes used as a synonym for charophyte.
⩥ Sporopollenin. Answer: A tough polymer employed by both algae and
plants to encase reproductive cells to protect them from drying out.
Forms the walls of spores and pollen.
⩥ Anthocyanins. Answer: Pigments produced by plants to prevent
damage from solar radiation and herbivores.
⩥ Hydrostatic skeleton. Answer: The rigid structural support of land
plants resulting from internal turgor pressure acting on tough cellulose-
based cell walls from the water-filled cell inside.
⩥ Lignin. Answer: A very tough polymer used by plants to structurally
reinforce certain cell walls. It is an important component in wood that
gives it its strength
, ⩥ Roots. Answer: One of the main organ systems in vascular plants.
Vascular structures that anchor the plant in a substrate, usually soil,
extract water and nutrients from it and transport them to the rest of the
plant.
⩥ Holdfast. Answer: A structure in algae that secures them to a
particular spot.
⩥ Rhizoids. Answer: Simple root-like structures in nonvascular plants
that anchor them to a substrate but do not transport water or nutrients
like true roots.
⩥ Gametes. Answer: Sex cells. Usually haploid cells, male and female,
that fuse during fertilization to form a zygote.
⩥ Meiosis. Answer: A type of cell division that produces four haploid
daughter cells from a single diploid cell. Used to form gametes in
humans and spores in plants as part of the sexual cycle.
⩥ Zygote. Answer: A new, diploid organism resulting from the fusion of
haploid gametes during fertilization.
⩥ Diploid. Answer: An organism whose cells have two complete sets of
chromosomes in their nuclei, abbreviated as 2n (see haploid).
