NSG 3280 Pathophysiology | Exam 1 Review | Units
1 & 2 – Questions & Solutions
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Terms in this set (282)
Etiology The study of the causes or reasons for a disease.
Idiopathic A condition with an unknown cause.
Iatrogenic A condition caused by unwanted or unintended
medical treatment.
Risk factor A characteristic or condition that increases the
probability of developing a disease.
Pathogenesis The development of a disease from the initial stimulus
to its full expression.
Latent period The time between exposure to an injurious agent and
the first signs and symptoms of a disease.
Incubation period The time between exposure to a pathogen and the
first signs and symptoms of an infection.
Prodromal period The time when the first signs and symptoms of a
disease appear, often nonspecific.
Acute phase The stage of a disease when it reaches full intensity.
Silent period An interval in a disease when signs and symptoms
become mild or may disappear.
,Subclinical stage A stage where the disease process is established, but
the patient may function normally.
Sequela A secondary condition that results from a disease.
Exacerbation An acute increase in the severity of a disease.
Remission A decline in the severity of a disease.
Convalescence The recovery period after a disease.
Epidemiology The study of how diseases affect the health and
illness of populations.
Endemic A disease that is native to a local region.
Epidemic A disease that affects or spreads to many individuals
at the same time.
Pandemic A disease that affects a large geographic area, often
worldwide.
Primary prevention Strategies aimed at altering susceptibility or
decreasing exposure for susceptible individuals.
Secondary prevention Early detection and screening for diseases.
Tertiary prevention Rehabilitative care aimed at decreasing disability and
increasing function.
Homeostasis The process of maintaining stability in the body's
internal environment.
Allostasis The process of achieving stability through change in
response to challenges.
, Stages of General Adaptation The three stages the body goes through in response
to stress: Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion.
Catecholamine Release The release of hormones such as epinephrine and
norepinephrine in response to stress.
Epinephrine effects Increases heart contractility, heart rate,
bronchodilation, glycogenolysis, and decreases
insulin secretion.
Norepinephrine effects Causes blood vessel constriction, decreases
gastrointestinal secretion, decreases insulin
secretion, and dilates pupils.
Cortisol effects Increases breakdown of tissues into amino acids,
gluconeogenesis, and mobilizes immune cells while
decreasing acute immune response.
Aldosterone effects Promotes retention of sodium and water, and causes
vasoconstriction.
Endorphins & Enkephalins Endogenous opioids released due to stress, exercise,
or laughter that can alleviate pain.
What is hydropic swelling? Hydropic swelling is the accumulation of water in
cells due to malfunction of the Na+/K+ pump, often
resulting from decreased ATP levels, leading to cell
enlargement.
What is intracellular accumulation? Intracellular accumulation refers to the buildup of
substances within cells that can occupy space,
provoke immune responses, or cause toxicity, often
due to excessive normal substances, abnormal
metabolism, or particles that cannot be broken
down.
1 & 2 – Questions & Solutions
Save Groups
Terms in this set (282)
Etiology The study of the causes or reasons for a disease.
Idiopathic A condition with an unknown cause.
Iatrogenic A condition caused by unwanted or unintended
medical treatment.
Risk factor A characteristic or condition that increases the
probability of developing a disease.
Pathogenesis The development of a disease from the initial stimulus
to its full expression.
Latent period The time between exposure to an injurious agent and
the first signs and symptoms of a disease.
Incubation period The time between exposure to a pathogen and the
first signs and symptoms of an infection.
Prodromal period The time when the first signs and symptoms of a
disease appear, often nonspecific.
Acute phase The stage of a disease when it reaches full intensity.
Silent period An interval in a disease when signs and symptoms
become mild or may disappear.
,Subclinical stage A stage where the disease process is established, but
the patient may function normally.
Sequela A secondary condition that results from a disease.
Exacerbation An acute increase in the severity of a disease.
Remission A decline in the severity of a disease.
Convalescence The recovery period after a disease.
Epidemiology The study of how diseases affect the health and
illness of populations.
Endemic A disease that is native to a local region.
Epidemic A disease that affects or spreads to many individuals
at the same time.
Pandemic A disease that affects a large geographic area, often
worldwide.
Primary prevention Strategies aimed at altering susceptibility or
decreasing exposure for susceptible individuals.
Secondary prevention Early detection and screening for diseases.
Tertiary prevention Rehabilitative care aimed at decreasing disability and
increasing function.
Homeostasis The process of maintaining stability in the body's
internal environment.
Allostasis The process of achieving stability through change in
response to challenges.
, Stages of General Adaptation The three stages the body goes through in response
to stress: Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion.
Catecholamine Release The release of hormones such as epinephrine and
norepinephrine in response to stress.
Epinephrine effects Increases heart contractility, heart rate,
bronchodilation, glycogenolysis, and decreases
insulin secretion.
Norepinephrine effects Causes blood vessel constriction, decreases
gastrointestinal secretion, decreases insulin
secretion, and dilates pupils.
Cortisol effects Increases breakdown of tissues into amino acids,
gluconeogenesis, and mobilizes immune cells while
decreasing acute immune response.
Aldosterone effects Promotes retention of sodium and water, and causes
vasoconstriction.
Endorphins & Enkephalins Endogenous opioids released due to stress, exercise,
or laughter that can alleviate pain.
What is hydropic swelling? Hydropic swelling is the accumulation of water in
cells due to malfunction of the Na+/K+ pump, often
resulting from decreased ATP levels, leading to cell
enlargement.
What is intracellular accumulation? Intracellular accumulation refers to the buildup of
substances within cells that can occupy space,
provoke immune responses, or cause toxicity, often
due to excessive normal substances, abnormal
metabolism, or particles that cannot be broken
down.
