NASM NUTRITION CERTIFICATION
UPDATED FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Diverticulosis - ✔✔A condition that occurs when pockets of collected stool called
diverticula form in the walls of the digestive tract, forcing the inner layer of the intestinal
wall to push through its outer lining.
✔✔Functional Fiber - ✔✔A compound derived from isolated indigestible fiber to
potentially provide some of the health-promoting benefits of natural fiber.
✔✔Glycogen - ✔✔The storage molecule of carbohydrate found in animals and located
in muscle and liver cells.
✔✔Triglycerides - ✔✔The primary storage and transportable form of fats in the body,
composed of three free fatty acids bound to a glycerol backbone.
✔✔Ketones - ✔✔A group of incompletely metabolized fat fragments that are normally
produced during fat metabolism in the absence of adequate carbohydrates.
,✔✔Bolus - ✔✔A mass of food that has been chewed and is now ready to initiate the
swallowing process.
✔✔Chyme - ✔✔The partially digested, semi-fluid mass of food expelled by the stomach
to the duodenum.
✔✔Jejunum - ✔✔It is the second section of the small intestine where digestion and
absorption occur. It is located immediately after the duodenum and leads into the ileum.
✔✔Ileum - ✔✔It is the final section of the small intestine where lots of absorption
occurs. It is located immediately after the jejunum and leads into the large intestine.
✔✔Brush Border - ✔✔The wall of the small intestine, composed of villi and microvilli,
that enhance the region's surface area for the final stages of digestion and absorption.
✔✔Villi - ✔✔These are small, finger-like projections located on the walls of the intestine
that extend into the intestinal tract that serve to increase the body's surface area for
absorption of nutrients.
✔✔Cirrhosis - ✔✔A liver disease marked by the replacement of healthy liver tissue with
scar tissue that is a result of alcohol abuse.
✔✔Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - ✔✔The development of a fatty liver resulting from
excessive quantities of fats being deposited from causes that exclude alcohol.
✔✔Catabolic - ✔✔The breakdown of nutrients to release energy.
✔✔Glycemic Load - ✔✔A method for determining how the quantity of carbohydrates
consumed impact blood sugar levels.
✔✔Hydrophobic - ✔✔Water fearing - will not dissolve in, or react with, water.
✔✔Cardiovascular Disease - ✔✔Conditions involving the narrowing or blockage of
blood vessels that can cause a heart attack, chest pain, or stroke.
✔✔Lipids - ✔✔Compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives.
✔✔Fatty Acids - ✔✔Organic compounds with long hydrocarbon chains that are
saturated or unsaturated.
✔✔Phospholipids - ✔✔Comprised of two fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a glycerol
molecule. The phosphate group head is water soluble and the fatty acid tail is water
insoluble. They align themselves to form the cell membrane.
,✔✔Cholesterol - ✔✔A lipid-like waxy substance found in all cell membranes, most body
tissues, and body fluids - the body needs some cholesterol to make steroid hormones
and vitamin D. Some cholesterol is obtained from foods like eggs, cheese, and shellfish.
Most cholesterol is produced by the body.
✔✔Saturated Fatty Acids - ✔✔Fatty acids that have the maximum number of hydrogen
molecules and contain only single bonds between their carbon atoms. Foods high in
saturated fatty acids are usually solid at room temperature (like butter) and are often
found in animal fat, palm oil, and coconut oil.
✔✔Unsaturated Fatty Acids - ✔✔Fatty acids that have one or more double bonds
between the carbon atoms in the carbon chain. These are typically liquid at room
temperature, relatively unstable, and are prone to oxidative damage.
✔✔Hydrogenation - ✔✔The process of forcing hydrogen into vegetable oil to create a
semi-solid or solid saturated fat.
✔✔Oxidative Damage - ✔✔The imbalance of free radicals and antioxidants - free
radicals are oxygen-containing molecules with an uneven number of electrons, which
makes them susceptible to react with other molecules.
✔✔monounsaturated fatty acid - ✔✔Unsaturated fats that have one unsaturated carbon
molecule (two hydrogen atoms instead of four) or one double bond.
✔✔polyunsaturated fatty acid - ✔✔Unsaturated fats that have two or more double
bonds between carbon molecules.
✔✔Mediterranean Diet - ✔✔Based on the traditional foods that people from Greece and
Italy eat, including those foods rich in monounsaturated fats such as olive oil, nuts, and
seeds.
✔✔Trans Fat - ✔✔An artificial fatty acid that occurs when hydrogen is added to liquid
vegetable oils (unsaturated fat) to make them more solid (saturated fat) and have a
more stable shelf life.
✔✔Low-Density Lipoproteins - ✔✔Lipoprotein that carries cholesterol from the liver to
the cells, known as bad cholesterol.
✔✔High-Density Lipoproteins - ✔✔Lipoprotein that carries excess cholesterol away
from the cells to the liver where it is turned into bile or excreted, known as the good
cholesterol.
✔✔Endothelial Dysfunction - ✔✔Damage that occurs to the endothelium, the thin layer
surrounding blood vessels.
, ✔✔GRAS - ✔✔An acronym for the Generally Recognized as Safe list of any substance
that is intentionally added to food - a food additive that has been recognized as safe by
a group of experts.
✔✔FDA - ✔✔The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is responsible for protecting the
public health by ensuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary
drugs, biological products, and medical devices, and by ensuring the safety of our
nation's food supply.
✔✔Dietary Fat - ✔✔The fat and oils found in food that is consumed.
✔✔Adipose Tissue - ✔✔The loose connective tissue composed of fat cells for stored
energy.
✔✔Hydrophilic - ✔✔Water loving - will dissolve in, and react with, water.
✔✔Essential Fatty Acids - ✔✔Fatty acids that cannot be synthesized, or not in
adequate amounts, and, therefore have to be consumed in the diet - they include
omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.
✔✔Fat-Soluble Vitamins - ✔✔Fat soluble means that a compound or molecule can be
dissolved into fat. Fat-soluble vitamins include A, D, E, and K.
✔✔Omega-3s (a-Linolenic) - ✔✔Named based on the position of the first double bond
in the carbon chain, Carbon 3, an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid that is found in
fish, seafood, flaxseed oil, and walnuts.
✔✔Omega-6s (a-Linoleic) - ✔✔Named based on the position of the first double bond in
the carbon chain, Carbon 6, an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid that is found
primarily in plant oils such as corn, soybean, and safflower.
✔✔EPA - ✔✔Abbreviation for eicosapentaenoic acid, essential omega-3 fatty acid
found in marine sources including fish and krill, serves as a precursor to various
compounds that have anti-inflammatory activities in the body in addition to serving as
structural components of the brain and eye tissue.
✔✔DHA - ✔✔Abbreviation for docosahexaenoic acid, the essential omega-3 fatty acid
found in marine sources including fish and krill, highly abundant in the human brain,
eyes, and sperm cells.
✔✔Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) - ✔✔The recommended intake of various nutrients
as determined by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine - the DRIs
include recommendations like the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR).
UPDATED FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Diverticulosis - ✔✔A condition that occurs when pockets of collected stool called
diverticula form in the walls of the digestive tract, forcing the inner layer of the intestinal
wall to push through its outer lining.
✔✔Functional Fiber - ✔✔A compound derived from isolated indigestible fiber to
potentially provide some of the health-promoting benefits of natural fiber.
✔✔Glycogen - ✔✔The storage molecule of carbohydrate found in animals and located
in muscle and liver cells.
✔✔Triglycerides - ✔✔The primary storage and transportable form of fats in the body,
composed of three free fatty acids bound to a glycerol backbone.
✔✔Ketones - ✔✔A group of incompletely metabolized fat fragments that are normally
produced during fat metabolism in the absence of adequate carbohydrates.
,✔✔Bolus - ✔✔A mass of food that has been chewed and is now ready to initiate the
swallowing process.
✔✔Chyme - ✔✔The partially digested, semi-fluid mass of food expelled by the stomach
to the duodenum.
✔✔Jejunum - ✔✔It is the second section of the small intestine where digestion and
absorption occur. It is located immediately after the duodenum and leads into the ileum.
✔✔Ileum - ✔✔It is the final section of the small intestine where lots of absorption
occurs. It is located immediately after the jejunum and leads into the large intestine.
✔✔Brush Border - ✔✔The wall of the small intestine, composed of villi and microvilli,
that enhance the region's surface area for the final stages of digestion and absorption.
✔✔Villi - ✔✔These are small, finger-like projections located on the walls of the intestine
that extend into the intestinal tract that serve to increase the body's surface area for
absorption of nutrients.
✔✔Cirrhosis - ✔✔A liver disease marked by the replacement of healthy liver tissue with
scar tissue that is a result of alcohol abuse.
✔✔Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - ✔✔The development of a fatty liver resulting from
excessive quantities of fats being deposited from causes that exclude alcohol.
✔✔Catabolic - ✔✔The breakdown of nutrients to release energy.
✔✔Glycemic Load - ✔✔A method for determining how the quantity of carbohydrates
consumed impact blood sugar levels.
✔✔Hydrophobic - ✔✔Water fearing - will not dissolve in, or react with, water.
✔✔Cardiovascular Disease - ✔✔Conditions involving the narrowing or blockage of
blood vessels that can cause a heart attack, chest pain, or stroke.
✔✔Lipids - ✔✔Compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives.
✔✔Fatty Acids - ✔✔Organic compounds with long hydrocarbon chains that are
saturated or unsaturated.
✔✔Phospholipids - ✔✔Comprised of two fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a glycerol
molecule. The phosphate group head is water soluble and the fatty acid tail is water
insoluble. They align themselves to form the cell membrane.
,✔✔Cholesterol - ✔✔A lipid-like waxy substance found in all cell membranes, most body
tissues, and body fluids - the body needs some cholesterol to make steroid hormones
and vitamin D. Some cholesterol is obtained from foods like eggs, cheese, and shellfish.
Most cholesterol is produced by the body.
✔✔Saturated Fatty Acids - ✔✔Fatty acids that have the maximum number of hydrogen
molecules and contain only single bonds between their carbon atoms. Foods high in
saturated fatty acids are usually solid at room temperature (like butter) and are often
found in animal fat, palm oil, and coconut oil.
✔✔Unsaturated Fatty Acids - ✔✔Fatty acids that have one or more double bonds
between the carbon atoms in the carbon chain. These are typically liquid at room
temperature, relatively unstable, and are prone to oxidative damage.
✔✔Hydrogenation - ✔✔The process of forcing hydrogen into vegetable oil to create a
semi-solid or solid saturated fat.
✔✔Oxidative Damage - ✔✔The imbalance of free radicals and antioxidants - free
radicals are oxygen-containing molecules with an uneven number of electrons, which
makes them susceptible to react with other molecules.
✔✔monounsaturated fatty acid - ✔✔Unsaturated fats that have one unsaturated carbon
molecule (two hydrogen atoms instead of four) or one double bond.
✔✔polyunsaturated fatty acid - ✔✔Unsaturated fats that have two or more double
bonds between carbon molecules.
✔✔Mediterranean Diet - ✔✔Based on the traditional foods that people from Greece and
Italy eat, including those foods rich in monounsaturated fats such as olive oil, nuts, and
seeds.
✔✔Trans Fat - ✔✔An artificial fatty acid that occurs when hydrogen is added to liquid
vegetable oils (unsaturated fat) to make them more solid (saturated fat) and have a
more stable shelf life.
✔✔Low-Density Lipoproteins - ✔✔Lipoprotein that carries cholesterol from the liver to
the cells, known as bad cholesterol.
✔✔High-Density Lipoproteins - ✔✔Lipoprotein that carries excess cholesterol away
from the cells to the liver where it is turned into bile or excreted, known as the good
cholesterol.
✔✔Endothelial Dysfunction - ✔✔Damage that occurs to the endothelium, the thin layer
surrounding blood vessels.
, ✔✔GRAS - ✔✔An acronym for the Generally Recognized as Safe list of any substance
that is intentionally added to food - a food additive that has been recognized as safe by
a group of experts.
✔✔FDA - ✔✔The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is responsible for protecting the
public health by ensuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary
drugs, biological products, and medical devices, and by ensuring the safety of our
nation's food supply.
✔✔Dietary Fat - ✔✔The fat and oils found in food that is consumed.
✔✔Adipose Tissue - ✔✔The loose connective tissue composed of fat cells for stored
energy.
✔✔Hydrophilic - ✔✔Water loving - will dissolve in, and react with, water.
✔✔Essential Fatty Acids - ✔✔Fatty acids that cannot be synthesized, or not in
adequate amounts, and, therefore have to be consumed in the diet - they include
omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.
✔✔Fat-Soluble Vitamins - ✔✔Fat soluble means that a compound or molecule can be
dissolved into fat. Fat-soluble vitamins include A, D, E, and K.
✔✔Omega-3s (a-Linolenic) - ✔✔Named based on the position of the first double bond
in the carbon chain, Carbon 3, an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid that is found in
fish, seafood, flaxseed oil, and walnuts.
✔✔Omega-6s (a-Linoleic) - ✔✔Named based on the position of the first double bond in
the carbon chain, Carbon 6, an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid that is found
primarily in plant oils such as corn, soybean, and safflower.
✔✔EPA - ✔✔Abbreviation for eicosapentaenoic acid, essential omega-3 fatty acid
found in marine sources including fish and krill, serves as a precursor to various
compounds that have anti-inflammatory activities in the body in addition to serving as
structural components of the brain and eye tissue.
✔✔DHA - ✔✔Abbreviation for docosahexaenoic acid, the essential omega-3 fatty acid
found in marine sources including fish and krill, highly abundant in the human brain,
eyes, and sperm cells.
✔✔Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) - ✔✔The recommended intake of various nutrients
as determined by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine - the DRIs
include recommendations like the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR).
