BIOL 251 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
MODULE 2| REVISION QUESTIONS AND (100%
CORRECT) ANSWERS| LATEST VERSION (2026 –
2027)
Muscles make up how much of your weight? - ANSWER✔️about 1/2
What are the three types of muscles? - ANSWER✔️skeletal, smooth, cardiac
What might interfere specifically with chemotaxis of a phagocyte? Think about the
process of chemotaxis and what might compromise this process. Select each of the
items that might specifically interfere with chemotaxis.
lysosomal defects
defective microfilament function
,absence of cytokine and complement receptors on phagocyte surfaces
weak or inadequate flagellar movement
defective antibody production - ANSWER✔️defective microfilament function
absence of cytokine and complement receptors on phagocyte surfaces
This activity asks you to determine which items promote the attachment of phagocytes
to microbes, thereby enhancing phagocytosis, and which interfere with the attachment
process, thereby reducing phagocytosis.
microbial capsules
Complement peptides deposited on microbe surface
M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes
Deposition of host-derived fibrin on microbe surface
Antibody molecules attaching to microbe surface. - ANSWER✔️Enhances phagocytosis
Complement peptides deposited on microbe surface
Antibody molecules attaching to microbe surface.
Interferes with phagocytosis
microbial capsules
M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes
Deposition of host-derived fibrin on microbe surface
Impaired phagocytosis can lead to several disorders. This activity asks you to think
specifically about the process through which phagocytes kill and digest microbes and to
identify steps of the process that might be compromised and interfere with this killing
activity.
myeloperoxidase deficiency
lack of chemotactic receptors on phagocytes
defective microtubule function
ineffective opsonization
defective oxidative burstan increase in the number of leukocytes - ANSWER✔️defective
microtubule function
defective oxidative burst
myeloperoxidase deficiency
Think through the steps of phagocytosis, and select strategies from the list provided that
might enable a microbe to avoid or escape phagocytosis or phagocytic killing.
Microbe escapes from phagosome prior to fusion with lysosome.
A capsule surrounds the microbe.
Microbe prevents fusion of phagosome with lysosome to form phagolysosome.
Microbe speeds up acidification of phagosome.Microbe produces leukocidin.
Microbial cell wall contains an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide.
,Microbial cell wall contains peptidoglycan. - ANSWER✔️A capsule surrounds the
microbe.
Microbe prevents fusion of phagosome with lysosome to form phagolysosome.
Microbe produces leukocidin.
Microbe escapes from phagosome prior to fusion with lysosome.
Which of the following is an effect of opsonization?
cytolysis
increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms
increased diapedesis of phagocytes
increased margination of phagocytes
inflammation - ANSWER✔️increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms
Margination refers to
adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels
Dilation of blood vessels
the adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms
the chemotactic response of phagocytesthe chemotactic response of phagocytes
the movement of phagocytes through walls of blood vessels - ANSWER✔️adherence of
phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels
symbiosis - ANSWER✔️relationship between two organisms where at least one
organism benefits
commenalism - ANSWER✔️relationship between two organisms where 1 organism
benefits, the other is unaffected
mutualism - ANSWER✔️relationship between two organisms where both benefit
parasitism - ANSWER✔️relationship between two organisms where 1 benefits and the
other is harmed
infection - ANSWER✔️invasion / colonization of the body with pathogenic organisms
(growth)
disease - ANSWER✔️any change in health caused by an infection
pathology - ANSWER✔️scientific study of diease
pathogenesis - ANSWER✔️manner in which a diease develops
etiology - ANSWER✔️cause of disease
, incidence - ANSWER✔️number of people who develop a disease during a particular
period of time (new cases)
prevelance - ANSWER✔️number of people in a population who have a disease at a
specified time (old + new cases)
sporatic disease - ANSWER✔️occurs only occasionally (low prevelance and incidence)
endemic disease - ANSWER✔️constantly present in a population (low prevelance and
incidence but still a risk)
epidemic - ANSWER✔️many people in a geographical area acquire a disease in a short
period of time
pandemic - ANSWER✔️worldwide epidemic
epidemiology - ANSWER✔️study of when and where diseases occur
pathogenicity - ANSWER✔️ability of an organism to cause disease by overcoming host
defences
virulence - ANSWER✔️degree of pathogenicity
infectious dose (ID50) - ANSWER✔️how many cells/virions need to enter the body to
cause disease in 50% of the population
lethal dose (LD50) - ANSWER✔️how much toxin must enter the body to kill 50% of the
populaiton
antigen - ANSWER✔️substance that causes the production of antibodies (components
of invading microbes)
antibody - ANSWER✔️protein produced by the host to recognize and interact with
specific antigens
epitope - ANSWER✔️specific region of an antigen that an antibody interacts with
clonal expansion - ANSWER✔️activated B cell proliferates
immunological memory - ANSWER✔️Immune responses intensify after a second
exposure to an antigen
- More rapid
- Greater magnitude
- Body can eliminate pathogen more easily on second exposure
MODULE 2| REVISION QUESTIONS AND (100%
CORRECT) ANSWERS| LATEST VERSION (2026 –
2027)
Muscles make up how much of your weight? - ANSWER✔️about 1/2
What are the three types of muscles? - ANSWER✔️skeletal, smooth, cardiac
What might interfere specifically with chemotaxis of a phagocyte? Think about the
process of chemotaxis and what might compromise this process. Select each of the
items that might specifically interfere with chemotaxis.
lysosomal defects
defective microfilament function
,absence of cytokine and complement receptors on phagocyte surfaces
weak or inadequate flagellar movement
defective antibody production - ANSWER✔️defective microfilament function
absence of cytokine and complement receptors on phagocyte surfaces
This activity asks you to determine which items promote the attachment of phagocytes
to microbes, thereby enhancing phagocytosis, and which interfere with the attachment
process, thereby reducing phagocytosis.
microbial capsules
Complement peptides deposited on microbe surface
M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes
Deposition of host-derived fibrin on microbe surface
Antibody molecules attaching to microbe surface. - ANSWER✔️Enhances phagocytosis
Complement peptides deposited on microbe surface
Antibody molecules attaching to microbe surface.
Interferes with phagocytosis
microbial capsules
M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes
Deposition of host-derived fibrin on microbe surface
Impaired phagocytosis can lead to several disorders. This activity asks you to think
specifically about the process through which phagocytes kill and digest microbes and to
identify steps of the process that might be compromised and interfere with this killing
activity.
myeloperoxidase deficiency
lack of chemotactic receptors on phagocytes
defective microtubule function
ineffective opsonization
defective oxidative burstan increase in the number of leukocytes - ANSWER✔️defective
microtubule function
defective oxidative burst
myeloperoxidase deficiency
Think through the steps of phagocytosis, and select strategies from the list provided that
might enable a microbe to avoid or escape phagocytosis or phagocytic killing.
Microbe escapes from phagosome prior to fusion with lysosome.
A capsule surrounds the microbe.
Microbe prevents fusion of phagosome with lysosome to form phagolysosome.
Microbe speeds up acidification of phagosome.Microbe produces leukocidin.
Microbial cell wall contains an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide.
,Microbial cell wall contains peptidoglycan. - ANSWER✔️A capsule surrounds the
microbe.
Microbe prevents fusion of phagosome with lysosome to form phagolysosome.
Microbe produces leukocidin.
Microbe escapes from phagosome prior to fusion with lysosome.
Which of the following is an effect of opsonization?
cytolysis
increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms
increased diapedesis of phagocytes
increased margination of phagocytes
inflammation - ANSWER✔️increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms
Margination refers to
adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels
Dilation of blood vessels
the adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms
the chemotactic response of phagocytesthe chemotactic response of phagocytes
the movement of phagocytes through walls of blood vessels - ANSWER✔️adherence of
phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels
symbiosis - ANSWER✔️relationship between two organisms where at least one
organism benefits
commenalism - ANSWER✔️relationship between two organisms where 1 organism
benefits, the other is unaffected
mutualism - ANSWER✔️relationship between two organisms where both benefit
parasitism - ANSWER✔️relationship between two organisms where 1 benefits and the
other is harmed
infection - ANSWER✔️invasion / colonization of the body with pathogenic organisms
(growth)
disease - ANSWER✔️any change in health caused by an infection
pathology - ANSWER✔️scientific study of diease
pathogenesis - ANSWER✔️manner in which a diease develops
etiology - ANSWER✔️cause of disease
, incidence - ANSWER✔️number of people who develop a disease during a particular
period of time (new cases)
prevelance - ANSWER✔️number of people in a population who have a disease at a
specified time (old + new cases)
sporatic disease - ANSWER✔️occurs only occasionally (low prevelance and incidence)
endemic disease - ANSWER✔️constantly present in a population (low prevelance and
incidence but still a risk)
epidemic - ANSWER✔️many people in a geographical area acquire a disease in a short
period of time
pandemic - ANSWER✔️worldwide epidemic
epidemiology - ANSWER✔️study of when and where diseases occur
pathogenicity - ANSWER✔️ability of an organism to cause disease by overcoming host
defences
virulence - ANSWER✔️degree of pathogenicity
infectious dose (ID50) - ANSWER✔️how many cells/virions need to enter the body to
cause disease in 50% of the population
lethal dose (LD50) - ANSWER✔️how much toxin must enter the body to kill 50% of the
populaiton
antigen - ANSWER✔️substance that causes the production of antibodies (components
of invading microbes)
antibody - ANSWER✔️protein produced by the host to recognize and interact with
specific antigens
epitope - ANSWER✔️specific region of an antigen that an antibody interacts with
clonal expansion - ANSWER✔️activated B cell proliferates
immunological memory - ANSWER✔️Immune responses intensify after a second
exposure to an antigen
- More rapid
- Greater magnitude
- Body can eliminate pathogen more easily on second exposure
