NR 283 Exam 2 Final Exam 160 Detailed
Questions with Answers and Rationales
2026-2027 Graded A+
Tachycardia
abnormally rapid heart rate - above 100
Bradycardia
abnormally slow heart rate - under 60
preload
volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole
Afterload
resistance against which left ventricle pushes blood out
Systole
contraction of heart .... provides increase in pressure to
eject blood
Diastole
,relaxation of heart.... required for filling chambers
When is preload increased?
hypervolemia, regurgitation of cardiac valves, heart
failure
When is afterload increased?
hypertension, vasoconstriction
What increases when afterload increases?
increase in cardiac workload
What is cardiac output?
Volume of blood ejected by the heart in one minute:
cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
What is stroke volume?
Volume of blood pumped out of ventricle- contraction
The heart sound, lubb is due to the _________ .
closure of AV valves
The heart sound, dub is due to the ________.
closure of semilunar valves.
pulse rate
heart rate 60-100 bpm.
,What do vasodilators do?
dilates (opens) blood vessels, which allows blood to flow
more easily
example: nitroglycerin
What do beta blockers do?
-decrease heart rate and blood pressure
-treat HTN & dysrhythmias
-reduce angina attacks
arteriosclerosis
hardening of blood vessels
Atherosclerosis
plaque build up in the coronary artery causing clots, often
leads to MI.
Diuretics
medications administered to increase urine secretion in
order to remove excess sodium and/or water.
- treats high blood pressure and congestive heart failure
anticoagulant
a drug that prevents clotting of the blood
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
, Transports cholesterol from liver to cells
Major factor contributing to atheroma formation
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Transports cholesterol away from the peripheral cells to
liver—"good" lipoprotein
Catabolism in liver and excretion
angina pectoris
chest pain that results when the heart does not get
enough oxygen - recurrent, intermittent brief episodes of
substernal chest pain
unstable angina
prolonged chest pain at rest
Stable angina
chest pain that occurs when a person is active or under
severe stress
Nitroglycerin
A drug that helps to dilate the coronary vessels that
supply the heart muscle with blood.
Warning signs of a heart attack
Feeling of pressure, heaviness, or burning in chest -
especially with increased activity
Questions with Answers and Rationales
2026-2027 Graded A+
Tachycardia
abnormally rapid heart rate - above 100
Bradycardia
abnormally slow heart rate - under 60
preload
volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole
Afterload
resistance against which left ventricle pushes blood out
Systole
contraction of heart .... provides increase in pressure to
eject blood
Diastole
,relaxation of heart.... required for filling chambers
When is preload increased?
hypervolemia, regurgitation of cardiac valves, heart
failure
When is afterload increased?
hypertension, vasoconstriction
What increases when afterload increases?
increase in cardiac workload
What is cardiac output?
Volume of blood ejected by the heart in one minute:
cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
What is stroke volume?
Volume of blood pumped out of ventricle- contraction
The heart sound, lubb is due to the _________ .
closure of AV valves
The heart sound, dub is due to the ________.
closure of semilunar valves.
pulse rate
heart rate 60-100 bpm.
,What do vasodilators do?
dilates (opens) blood vessels, which allows blood to flow
more easily
example: nitroglycerin
What do beta blockers do?
-decrease heart rate and blood pressure
-treat HTN & dysrhythmias
-reduce angina attacks
arteriosclerosis
hardening of blood vessels
Atherosclerosis
plaque build up in the coronary artery causing clots, often
leads to MI.
Diuretics
medications administered to increase urine secretion in
order to remove excess sodium and/or water.
- treats high blood pressure and congestive heart failure
anticoagulant
a drug that prevents clotting of the blood
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
, Transports cholesterol from liver to cells
Major factor contributing to atheroma formation
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Transports cholesterol away from the peripheral cells to
liver—"good" lipoprotein
Catabolism in liver and excretion
angina pectoris
chest pain that results when the heart does not get
enough oxygen - recurrent, intermittent brief episodes of
substernal chest pain
unstable angina
prolonged chest pain at rest
Stable angina
chest pain that occurs when a person is active or under
severe stress
Nitroglycerin
A drug that helps to dilate the coronary vessels that
supply the heart muscle with blood.
Warning signs of a heart attack
Feeling of pressure, heaviness, or burning in chest -
especially with increased activity
