NUR565 - ADVANCED PHARMACOLOG
] ] ]
Y ]
MIDTERM
(2026) QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRE
] ] ] ]
CT DETAILED ANSWERS!!!
] ]
During ]what ]trimester ]is ]a ]pregnant ]woman ]most ]at ]risk ]for ]adverse ]drug ]reactions ]with ]potenti
al ]long ]term ]consequences? ]- ]correct ]answer: ]1st ]trimester ](fetus ]most ]at ]risk ]d/t ]rapid ]growth)
What ]is ]BEERS ]criteria? ]- ]correct ]answer: ]Recommendations ]of ]medications ]inappropriate ]for ]el
derly ](65 ]and ]older), ]prescriber ]ultimately ]decides
What ]is ]the ]CYP450 ]
(cytochrome ]P450) ]- ]correct ]answer: ]liver ]enzyme ]system ]where ]medications ]are ]metabolized, ]c
an ]either ]be ]inducers ]or ]inhibitors ]and ]create ]drug-drug ]interactions
CYP450 ]inducers ]- ]correct ]answer: ]Speed ]up ]metabolism ]of ]drugs ]
(drug ]is ]cleared ]faster), ]drug ]has ]lesser ]effect ]
(decrease ]blood ]levels ]of ]drug), ]elevate ]CYP450 ]enzymes
CYP450 ]inducers ]pneumonic ]- ]correct ]answer: ]"Bullshit ]Crap ]GPS ]INDUCES ]rage"
CYP450 ]inducer ]drug ]names ]- ]correct ]answer: ]Barbituates, ]St ]John ]wort, ]Carbamazepine, ]rifampi
n, ]alcohol, ]phenytoin, ]griseofulvin, ]phenobarbital, ]sulfonylureas
CYP450 ]inhibitors ]- ]correct ]answer: ]inhibit ]metabolism, ]increase ]blood ]levels ]of ]medications
,CYP450 ]pneumonic ]- ]correct ]answer: ]"VISA ]credit ]card ]debt ]INHIBITS ]spending ]on ]designers ]like ]
CK ]to ]look ]GQ"
CYP450 ]inhibitors ]drug ]names ]- ]correct ]answer: ]Valproate, ]isoniazid, ]sulfonamides, ]amiodarone,
]chloramphenicol, ]ketoconazole, ]grapefruit ]juice, ]quinidine
Physiological ]changes ]during ]pregnancy ]that ]impact ]pharmacodynamics ]and ]pharmacokinetic ]pr
operties ]of ]drugs? ]- ]correct ]answer: ]increase ]glomerular ]filtration ]rate ]leads ]to ]increase ]durg ]exc
retion ]
increase ]hepatic ]metabolism
decrease ]tone ]and ]motility ]of ]bowel
increase ]drug ]absorption
Examples ]of ]medications ]that ]can ]be ]teratogenic ]- ]correct ]answer: ]Antiepileptic ]drugs, ]antimicro
bials ]such ]as ]tetracyclines ]and ]fluoroquinolones, ]vitamin ]A ]in ]large ]doses, ]some ]anticoagulants, ]
and ]hormonal ]medications ]such ]as ]diethylstilbestrol ](DES).
How ]is ]absorption ]of ]intramuscular ]medications ]different ]in ]neonates? ]- ]correct ]answer: ]slow ]an
d ]erratic ]due ]to ]low ]blood ]flow ]in ]muscles ]first ]few ]days ]of ]life
Why ]is ]absorption ]of ]medication ]in ]the ]stomach ]increased ]in ]infancy? ]- ]correct ]answer: ]delayed ]
gastric ]emptying
Some ]medications ]that ]should ]be ]avoided ]in ]the ]pediatric ]patient? ]- ]correct ]answer: ]glucocortic
oids, ]discoloration ]of ]developing ]teeth ]with ]tetracyclines, ]and ]kernicterus ]with ]sulfonamides, ]lev
ofloxacin ](antibiotics) ]
aspirin ](Severe ]intoxication ]from ]acute ]overdose)
what ]should ]be ]included ]in ]medication ]administration ]patient ]education? ]- ]correct ]answer: ]dosa
ge ]size ]and ]timing
,route ]and ]technique ]of ]administration
duration ]of ]treatment
drug ]storage
nature ]and ]time ]course ]of ]desired ]responses
nature ]and ]time ]course ]of ]adverse ]responses
finish ]taking ]antibiotic
What ]are ]some ]things ]that ]put ]the ]elderly ]patient ]at ]higher ]risk ]for ]adverse ]drug ]reactions? ]- ]cor
rect ]answer: ]reduced ]renal ]function ]
polypharmacy ](the ]use ]of ]five ]or ]more ]medications ]daily)
greater ]severity ]of ]illness
presence ]of ]comorbidities
use ]of ]drugs ]that ]have ]a ]low ]therapeutic ]index ](e.g., ]digoxin)
increased ]individual ]variation ]secondary ]to ]altered ]pharmacokinetics
inadequate ]supervision ]of ]long-term ]therapy
poor ]patient ]adherence
How ]can ]healthcare ]providers ]decrease ]likelihood ]of ]an ]elderly ]patient ]experiencing ]an ]adverse ]
drug ]reaction? ]- ]correct ]answer: ]obtaining ]a ]thorough ]drug ]history ]that ]includes ]over-the-
counter ]medications
considering ]pharmacokinetic ]and ]pharmacodynamics ]changes ]due ]to ]age
monitoring ]the ]patient's ]clinical ]response ]and ]plasma ]drug ]levels
using ]the ]simplest ]regimen ]possible
monitoring ]for ]drug-drug ]interactions ]and ]iatrogenic ]illness
periodically ]reviewing ]the ]need ]for ]continued ]drug ]therapy
encouraging ]the ]patient ]to ]dispose ]of ]old ]medications
taking ]steps ]to ]promote ]adherence ]and ]to ]avoid ]drugs ]on ]the ]Beers ]list
, How ]can ]we ]promote ]medication ]adherence ]with ]elderly ]patients? ]- ]correct ]answer: ]simplifying ]
drug ]regimens
providing ]clear ]and ]concise ]verbal ]and ]written ]instructions
using ]an ]appropriate ]dosage ]form
clearly ]labeling ]and ]dispensing ]easy-to-open ]containers
developing ]daily ]reminders
monitoring ]frequently
affordability ]of ]drugs
support ]systems
Why ]do ]nitrates ]need ]to ]be ]taken ]no ]later ]than ]4 ]PM? ]- ]correct ]answer: ]Need ]nitrate ]free ]interv
al ]so ]tolerance ]doesn't ]develop
Nine ]factors ]that ]impact ]outcome ]of ]medication? ]- ]correct ]answer: ]Gender ]and ]race
Genetics ]and ]pharmacogenomics
Variability ]in ]absorption
placebo ]effect
Tolerance
patho
age
bodyweight
Do ]you ]need ]informed ]consent ]for ]genetic ]testing? ]- ]correct ]answer: ]yes
] ] ]
Y ]
MIDTERM
(2026) QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRE
] ] ] ]
CT DETAILED ANSWERS!!!
] ]
During ]what ]trimester ]is ]a ]pregnant ]woman ]most ]at ]risk ]for ]adverse ]drug ]reactions ]with ]potenti
al ]long ]term ]consequences? ]- ]correct ]answer: ]1st ]trimester ](fetus ]most ]at ]risk ]d/t ]rapid ]growth)
What ]is ]BEERS ]criteria? ]- ]correct ]answer: ]Recommendations ]of ]medications ]inappropriate ]for ]el
derly ](65 ]and ]older), ]prescriber ]ultimately ]decides
What ]is ]the ]CYP450 ]
(cytochrome ]P450) ]- ]correct ]answer: ]liver ]enzyme ]system ]where ]medications ]are ]metabolized, ]c
an ]either ]be ]inducers ]or ]inhibitors ]and ]create ]drug-drug ]interactions
CYP450 ]inducers ]- ]correct ]answer: ]Speed ]up ]metabolism ]of ]drugs ]
(drug ]is ]cleared ]faster), ]drug ]has ]lesser ]effect ]
(decrease ]blood ]levels ]of ]drug), ]elevate ]CYP450 ]enzymes
CYP450 ]inducers ]pneumonic ]- ]correct ]answer: ]"Bullshit ]Crap ]GPS ]INDUCES ]rage"
CYP450 ]inducer ]drug ]names ]- ]correct ]answer: ]Barbituates, ]St ]John ]wort, ]Carbamazepine, ]rifampi
n, ]alcohol, ]phenytoin, ]griseofulvin, ]phenobarbital, ]sulfonylureas
CYP450 ]inhibitors ]- ]correct ]answer: ]inhibit ]metabolism, ]increase ]blood ]levels ]of ]medications
,CYP450 ]pneumonic ]- ]correct ]answer: ]"VISA ]credit ]card ]debt ]INHIBITS ]spending ]on ]designers ]like ]
CK ]to ]look ]GQ"
CYP450 ]inhibitors ]drug ]names ]- ]correct ]answer: ]Valproate, ]isoniazid, ]sulfonamides, ]amiodarone,
]chloramphenicol, ]ketoconazole, ]grapefruit ]juice, ]quinidine
Physiological ]changes ]during ]pregnancy ]that ]impact ]pharmacodynamics ]and ]pharmacokinetic ]pr
operties ]of ]drugs? ]- ]correct ]answer: ]increase ]glomerular ]filtration ]rate ]leads ]to ]increase ]durg ]exc
retion ]
increase ]hepatic ]metabolism
decrease ]tone ]and ]motility ]of ]bowel
increase ]drug ]absorption
Examples ]of ]medications ]that ]can ]be ]teratogenic ]- ]correct ]answer: ]Antiepileptic ]drugs, ]antimicro
bials ]such ]as ]tetracyclines ]and ]fluoroquinolones, ]vitamin ]A ]in ]large ]doses, ]some ]anticoagulants, ]
and ]hormonal ]medications ]such ]as ]diethylstilbestrol ](DES).
How ]is ]absorption ]of ]intramuscular ]medications ]different ]in ]neonates? ]- ]correct ]answer: ]slow ]an
d ]erratic ]due ]to ]low ]blood ]flow ]in ]muscles ]first ]few ]days ]of ]life
Why ]is ]absorption ]of ]medication ]in ]the ]stomach ]increased ]in ]infancy? ]- ]correct ]answer: ]delayed ]
gastric ]emptying
Some ]medications ]that ]should ]be ]avoided ]in ]the ]pediatric ]patient? ]- ]correct ]answer: ]glucocortic
oids, ]discoloration ]of ]developing ]teeth ]with ]tetracyclines, ]and ]kernicterus ]with ]sulfonamides, ]lev
ofloxacin ](antibiotics) ]
aspirin ](Severe ]intoxication ]from ]acute ]overdose)
what ]should ]be ]included ]in ]medication ]administration ]patient ]education? ]- ]correct ]answer: ]dosa
ge ]size ]and ]timing
,route ]and ]technique ]of ]administration
duration ]of ]treatment
drug ]storage
nature ]and ]time ]course ]of ]desired ]responses
nature ]and ]time ]course ]of ]adverse ]responses
finish ]taking ]antibiotic
What ]are ]some ]things ]that ]put ]the ]elderly ]patient ]at ]higher ]risk ]for ]adverse ]drug ]reactions? ]- ]cor
rect ]answer: ]reduced ]renal ]function ]
polypharmacy ](the ]use ]of ]five ]or ]more ]medications ]daily)
greater ]severity ]of ]illness
presence ]of ]comorbidities
use ]of ]drugs ]that ]have ]a ]low ]therapeutic ]index ](e.g., ]digoxin)
increased ]individual ]variation ]secondary ]to ]altered ]pharmacokinetics
inadequate ]supervision ]of ]long-term ]therapy
poor ]patient ]adherence
How ]can ]healthcare ]providers ]decrease ]likelihood ]of ]an ]elderly ]patient ]experiencing ]an ]adverse ]
drug ]reaction? ]- ]correct ]answer: ]obtaining ]a ]thorough ]drug ]history ]that ]includes ]over-the-
counter ]medications
considering ]pharmacokinetic ]and ]pharmacodynamics ]changes ]due ]to ]age
monitoring ]the ]patient's ]clinical ]response ]and ]plasma ]drug ]levels
using ]the ]simplest ]regimen ]possible
monitoring ]for ]drug-drug ]interactions ]and ]iatrogenic ]illness
periodically ]reviewing ]the ]need ]for ]continued ]drug ]therapy
encouraging ]the ]patient ]to ]dispose ]of ]old ]medications
taking ]steps ]to ]promote ]adherence ]and ]to ]avoid ]drugs ]on ]the ]Beers ]list
, How ]can ]we ]promote ]medication ]adherence ]with ]elderly ]patients? ]- ]correct ]answer: ]simplifying ]
drug ]regimens
providing ]clear ]and ]concise ]verbal ]and ]written ]instructions
using ]an ]appropriate ]dosage ]form
clearly ]labeling ]and ]dispensing ]easy-to-open ]containers
developing ]daily ]reminders
monitoring ]frequently
affordability ]of ]drugs
support ]systems
Why ]do ]nitrates ]need ]to ]be ]taken ]no ]later ]than ]4 ]PM? ]- ]correct ]answer: ]Need ]nitrate ]free ]interv
al ]so ]tolerance ]doesn't ]develop
Nine ]factors ]that ]impact ]outcome ]of ]medication? ]- ]correct ]answer: ]Gender ]and ]race
Genetics ]and ]pharmacogenomics
Variability ]in ]absorption
placebo ]effect
Tolerance
patho
age
bodyweight
Do ]you ]need ]informed ]consent ]for ]genetic ]testing? ]- ]correct ]answer: ]yes
