COPR PCP CERTIFICATION REVIEW
SCRIPT 2026 FULL ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ V/Q mismatch.
Answer: Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatch occurs when either the
ventilation (airflow) or perfusion (blood flow) in the lungs is impaired,
preventing the lungs from optimally delivering oxygen to the blood.
⩥ Acute Respiratory Failure.
Answer: Type 1 Respiratory failure: hypoxia without hypercapnia (no
increased CO2 levels in blood), caused by a V:Q mismatch the volume
of air flowing in and out of lungs doesn't match with flow of blood to the
lungs. It is oxygenation failure (e.g PE)
Type 2 Ventilation failure: caused by inadequate ventilation, built up of
CO2 levels due to increased airway resistance e.g COPD, asthma,
suffocation, or reduced breathing effort e.g drug effects, brain stem
lesion, extreme obesity. Failure to compensate.
⩥ ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome).
Answer: Inflammation of the lung leading to impaired gas exchange
with release of inflammatory mediators causing hypoxemia and multi-
organ failure.
⩥ Hyperventilation.
,Answer: An anxiety attack, pt has normal oxygenation in the arterial
blood and little CO2 making them alkalotic which in turn can cause
S/S:
-palpitations
-chest pain
-paresthesia of hands and muscles (pins and needles)
-weakness
-dizziness
-carpo-pedal spasms
-respiratory alkalosis (finger stiffening)
⩥ deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
Answer: formation of a clot in a deep vein of the body, occurring most
often in the femoral and iliac veins, possible causes include:
-history of trauma
-sepsis
-stasis or inactivity
-recent immobilization
-pregnancy
-birth control
-malignancy (CA)
-coagulopathies
-smoking
,-varicose veins
⩥ DVT S/S.
Answer: edema
pain
increase temp in extremities
erythema (skin rash)
tenderness
⩥ Atherosclerosis.
Answer: Abnormal thickening and hardening of vessel walls. Caused by
soft deposits of intra arterial fat and fibrin which harden over time
reducing elasticity of arteries.
Risk factors: HTN, diabetes, high cholesterol, smoking, family Hx of
stroke and heart disease, obesity, lack of exercise, males
⩥ Ischemia.
Answer: Partial obstruction of vessel lumen
⩥ Infarction.
Answer: complete obstruction of vessel lumen
⩥ AAA (abdominal aortic aneurysm).
, Answer: Ballooning or weakening in the wall of the aorta as it passes
through the abdomen
S/S: shock, pain described as sharp stabbing, lower back pain, abd pain,
radiates to thighs and groin, different BP in both arms, mottling of
extremities, pulsating mass in abdomen
⩥ Endocarditis.
Answer: inflammation of the inner lining of the heart or valves. can be
caused by bacteria or virus.
⩥ Myocarditis.
Answer: inflammation of the heart muscle resulting from infection either
bacterial or viral
⩥ Pericarditis.
Answer: inflammation of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart.
⩥ ACS (acute coronary syndrome).
Answer: group of conditions caused by decreased blood flow through
the coronary arteries (STEMI, NSTEMI, unstable angina)
⩥ Stable Angina.
Answer: chest pain that occurs when a person is active or under severe
stress. Lasts 15-20min usually and decreases at rest.
SCRIPT 2026 FULL ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ V/Q mismatch.
Answer: Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatch occurs when either the
ventilation (airflow) or perfusion (blood flow) in the lungs is impaired,
preventing the lungs from optimally delivering oxygen to the blood.
⩥ Acute Respiratory Failure.
Answer: Type 1 Respiratory failure: hypoxia without hypercapnia (no
increased CO2 levels in blood), caused by a V:Q mismatch the volume
of air flowing in and out of lungs doesn't match with flow of blood to the
lungs. It is oxygenation failure (e.g PE)
Type 2 Ventilation failure: caused by inadequate ventilation, built up of
CO2 levels due to increased airway resistance e.g COPD, asthma,
suffocation, or reduced breathing effort e.g drug effects, brain stem
lesion, extreme obesity. Failure to compensate.
⩥ ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome).
Answer: Inflammation of the lung leading to impaired gas exchange
with release of inflammatory mediators causing hypoxemia and multi-
organ failure.
⩥ Hyperventilation.
,Answer: An anxiety attack, pt has normal oxygenation in the arterial
blood and little CO2 making them alkalotic which in turn can cause
S/S:
-palpitations
-chest pain
-paresthesia of hands and muscles (pins and needles)
-weakness
-dizziness
-carpo-pedal spasms
-respiratory alkalosis (finger stiffening)
⩥ deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
Answer: formation of a clot in a deep vein of the body, occurring most
often in the femoral and iliac veins, possible causes include:
-history of trauma
-sepsis
-stasis or inactivity
-recent immobilization
-pregnancy
-birth control
-malignancy (CA)
-coagulopathies
-smoking
,-varicose veins
⩥ DVT S/S.
Answer: edema
pain
increase temp in extremities
erythema (skin rash)
tenderness
⩥ Atherosclerosis.
Answer: Abnormal thickening and hardening of vessel walls. Caused by
soft deposits of intra arterial fat and fibrin which harden over time
reducing elasticity of arteries.
Risk factors: HTN, diabetes, high cholesterol, smoking, family Hx of
stroke and heart disease, obesity, lack of exercise, males
⩥ Ischemia.
Answer: Partial obstruction of vessel lumen
⩥ Infarction.
Answer: complete obstruction of vessel lumen
⩥ AAA (abdominal aortic aneurysm).
, Answer: Ballooning or weakening in the wall of the aorta as it passes
through the abdomen
S/S: shock, pain described as sharp stabbing, lower back pain, abd pain,
radiates to thighs and groin, different BP in both arms, mottling of
extremities, pulsating mass in abdomen
⩥ Endocarditis.
Answer: inflammation of the inner lining of the heart or valves. can be
caused by bacteria or virus.
⩥ Myocarditis.
Answer: inflammation of the heart muscle resulting from infection either
bacterial or viral
⩥ Pericarditis.
Answer: inflammation of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart.
⩥ ACS (acute coronary syndrome).
Answer: group of conditions caused by decreased blood flow through
the coronary arteries (STEMI, NSTEMI, unstable angina)
⩥ Stable Angina.
Answer: chest pain that occurs when a person is active or under severe
stress. Lasts 15-20min usually and decreases at rest.
