Applied Pathophysiology A Conceptual Approach to
the Mechanisms of Disease – 4th Edition (Braun &
Nath) Complete Test Bank | A+ Verified
1. The nucleus ______, which is essential for function and survival of the cell.
A) is the site of protein synthesis
B) contains the genetic code
C) transforms cellular energy
D) initiates aerobic metabolism
CORRECT ANSWER - B) contains the genetic code
2. Although energy is not made in mitochondria, they are known as the power
plants of the cell because they:
A) contain RNA for protein synthesis
B) utilize glycolysis for oxidative energy
C) extract energy from organic compounds
D) store calcium bonds for muscle contractions
CORRECT ANSWER - C) extract energy from organic compounds
3. Although the basic structure of the cell plasma membrane is formed by a lipid
bilayer, most of the specific membrane functions are carried out by:
A) bound and transmembrane proteins
B) complex, long carbohydrate chains
C) surface antigens and hormone receptors
D) a gating system of selective ion channels
CORRECT ANSWER - A) bound and transmembrane proteins
4. To effectively relay signals, cell-to-cell communication utilizes chemical
messenger systems that:
A) displace surface receptor proteins
B) accumulate within cell gap junctions
C) bind to contractile microfilaments
D) release secretions into extracellular fluid
CORRECT ANSWER - D) release secretions into extracellular fluid
5. Aerobic metabolism, also known as oxidative metabolism, provides energy by:
A) removing the phosphate bonds from ATP
,B) combining hydrogen and oxygen to form water
C) activating pyruvate stored in the cytoplasm
D) breaking down glucose to form lactic acid
CORRECT ANSWER - B) combining hydrogen and oxygen to form water
6. Exocytosis, the reverse of endocytosis, is important in ______ into the
extracellular fluid.
A) engulfing and ingesting fluid and proteins for transport
B) killing, degrading, and dissolving harmful microorganisms
C) removing cellular debris and releasing synthesized substances
D) destruction of particles by lysosomal enzymes for secretion
CORRECT ANSWER - C) removing cellular debris and releasing synthesized
substances
7. The process responsible for generating and conducting membrane potentials is:
A) diffusion of current-carrying ions
B) millivoltage of electrical potential
C) polarization of charged particles
D) ion channel neurotransmission
CORRECT ANSWER - A) diffusion of current-carrying ions
8. Epithelial tissues are classified according to the shape of the cells and the
number of layers. Which of the following is a correctly matched description and
type of epithelial tissue?
A) Simple epithelium: cells in contact with intercellular matrix; some do not
extend to surface
B) Stratified epithelium: single layer of cells; all cells rest on basement membrane
C) Glandular epithelium: arise from surface epithelia and underlying connective
tissue
D) Pseudostratified epithelium: multiple layers of cells; deepest layer rests on
basement membrane
CORRECT ANSWER - C) Glandular epithelium: arise from surface epithelia
and underlying connective tissue
9. Connective tissue contains fibroblasts that are responsible for:
A) providing a fibrous framework for capillaries
B) synthesis of collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers
C) forming tendons and the fascia that covers muscles
,D) filling spaces between tissues to keep organs in place
CORRECT ANSWER - B) synthesis of collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers
10. Although all muscle tissue cells have some similarities, smooth muscle (also
known as involuntary muscle) differs by:
A) having dense bodies attached to actin filaments
B) containing sarcomeres between Z lines and M bands
C) having rapid contractions and abundant cross-striations
D) contracting in response to increased intracellular calcium
CORRECT ANSWER - A) having dense bodies attached to actin filaments
11. Which of the following aspects of the function of the nucleus is performed by
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
A) Copying and carrying DNA instructions for protein synthesis
B) Carrying amino acids to the site of protein synthesis
C) Providing the site where protein synthesis occurs
D) Regulating and controlling protein synthesis
CORRECT ANSWER - C) Providing the site where protein synthesis occurs
12. Breakdown and removal of foreign substances and worn-out cell parts are
performed by which of the following organelles?
A) Lysosomes
B) Golgi apparatus
C) Ribosomes
D) Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
CORRECT ANSWER - A) Lysosomes
13. Impairment in the function of peroxisomes would result in:
A) inadequate sites for protein synthesis
B) an inability to transport cellular products across the cell membrane
C) insufficient energy production within a cell
D) accumulation of free radicals in the cytoplasm
CORRECT ANSWER - D) accumulation of free radicals in the cytoplasm
14. After several months of trying to conceive, a couple is undergoing fertility
testing. Semen analysis indicates that the man’s sperm have decreased motility.
Which cellular structure is most likely impaired?
A) Nucleus
B) Mitochondria
C) Golgi apparatus
, D) Ribosomes
CORRECT ANSWER - B) Mitochondria
15. A patient with a genetic mutation affecting the function of cilia would most
likely experience:
A) impaired cell division
B) increased risk of respiratory infections
C) excessive hormone production
D) abnormal protein synthesis
CORRECT ANSWER - B) increased risk of respiratory infections
16. Which type of cell adaptation involves an increase in cell size?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
CORRECT ANSWER - B) Hypertrophy
17. A patient with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease develops a change in
the esophageal lining from squamous to columnar epithelium. This is an example
of:
A) Dysplasia
B) Hyperplasia
C) Metaplasia
D) Anaplasia
CORRECT ANSWER - C) Metaplasia
18. Which of the following is a reversible cellular adaptation?
A) Necrosis
B) Apoptosis
C) Atrophy
D) Oncosis
CORRECT ANSWER - C) Atrophy
19. A 65-year-old smoker has a routine chest X-ray showing a small, well-
demarcated lesion. Biopsy shows disorganized cells with variable nuclear size and
increased mitotic figures. This is best described as:
A) Metaplasia
B) Hyperplasia
C) Dysplasia
the Mechanisms of Disease – 4th Edition (Braun &
Nath) Complete Test Bank | A+ Verified
1. The nucleus ______, which is essential for function and survival of the cell.
A) is the site of protein synthesis
B) contains the genetic code
C) transforms cellular energy
D) initiates aerobic metabolism
CORRECT ANSWER - B) contains the genetic code
2. Although energy is not made in mitochondria, they are known as the power
plants of the cell because they:
A) contain RNA for protein synthesis
B) utilize glycolysis for oxidative energy
C) extract energy from organic compounds
D) store calcium bonds for muscle contractions
CORRECT ANSWER - C) extract energy from organic compounds
3. Although the basic structure of the cell plasma membrane is formed by a lipid
bilayer, most of the specific membrane functions are carried out by:
A) bound and transmembrane proteins
B) complex, long carbohydrate chains
C) surface antigens and hormone receptors
D) a gating system of selective ion channels
CORRECT ANSWER - A) bound and transmembrane proteins
4. To effectively relay signals, cell-to-cell communication utilizes chemical
messenger systems that:
A) displace surface receptor proteins
B) accumulate within cell gap junctions
C) bind to contractile microfilaments
D) release secretions into extracellular fluid
CORRECT ANSWER - D) release secretions into extracellular fluid
5. Aerobic metabolism, also known as oxidative metabolism, provides energy by:
A) removing the phosphate bonds from ATP
,B) combining hydrogen and oxygen to form water
C) activating pyruvate stored in the cytoplasm
D) breaking down glucose to form lactic acid
CORRECT ANSWER - B) combining hydrogen and oxygen to form water
6. Exocytosis, the reverse of endocytosis, is important in ______ into the
extracellular fluid.
A) engulfing and ingesting fluid and proteins for transport
B) killing, degrading, and dissolving harmful microorganisms
C) removing cellular debris and releasing synthesized substances
D) destruction of particles by lysosomal enzymes for secretion
CORRECT ANSWER - C) removing cellular debris and releasing synthesized
substances
7. The process responsible for generating and conducting membrane potentials is:
A) diffusion of current-carrying ions
B) millivoltage of electrical potential
C) polarization of charged particles
D) ion channel neurotransmission
CORRECT ANSWER - A) diffusion of current-carrying ions
8. Epithelial tissues are classified according to the shape of the cells and the
number of layers. Which of the following is a correctly matched description and
type of epithelial tissue?
A) Simple epithelium: cells in contact with intercellular matrix; some do not
extend to surface
B) Stratified epithelium: single layer of cells; all cells rest on basement membrane
C) Glandular epithelium: arise from surface epithelia and underlying connective
tissue
D) Pseudostratified epithelium: multiple layers of cells; deepest layer rests on
basement membrane
CORRECT ANSWER - C) Glandular epithelium: arise from surface epithelia
and underlying connective tissue
9. Connective tissue contains fibroblasts that are responsible for:
A) providing a fibrous framework for capillaries
B) synthesis of collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers
C) forming tendons and the fascia that covers muscles
,D) filling spaces between tissues to keep organs in place
CORRECT ANSWER - B) synthesis of collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers
10. Although all muscle tissue cells have some similarities, smooth muscle (also
known as involuntary muscle) differs by:
A) having dense bodies attached to actin filaments
B) containing sarcomeres between Z lines and M bands
C) having rapid contractions and abundant cross-striations
D) contracting in response to increased intracellular calcium
CORRECT ANSWER - A) having dense bodies attached to actin filaments
11. Which of the following aspects of the function of the nucleus is performed by
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
A) Copying and carrying DNA instructions for protein synthesis
B) Carrying amino acids to the site of protein synthesis
C) Providing the site where protein synthesis occurs
D) Regulating and controlling protein synthesis
CORRECT ANSWER - C) Providing the site where protein synthesis occurs
12. Breakdown and removal of foreign substances and worn-out cell parts are
performed by which of the following organelles?
A) Lysosomes
B) Golgi apparatus
C) Ribosomes
D) Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
CORRECT ANSWER - A) Lysosomes
13. Impairment in the function of peroxisomes would result in:
A) inadequate sites for protein synthesis
B) an inability to transport cellular products across the cell membrane
C) insufficient energy production within a cell
D) accumulation of free radicals in the cytoplasm
CORRECT ANSWER - D) accumulation of free radicals in the cytoplasm
14. After several months of trying to conceive, a couple is undergoing fertility
testing. Semen analysis indicates that the man’s sperm have decreased motility.
Which cellular structure is most likely impaired?
A) Nucleus
B) Mitochondria
C) Golgi apparatus
, D) Ribosomes
CORRECT ANSWER - B) Mitochondria
15. A patient with a genetic mutation affecting the function of cilia would most
likely experience:
A) impaired cell division
B) increased risk of respiratory infections
C) excessive hormone production
D) abnormal protein synthesis
CORRECT ANSWER - B) increased risk of respiratory infections
16. Which type of cell adaptation involves an increase in cell size?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
CORRECT ANSWER - B) Hypertrophy
17. A patient with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease develops a change in
the esophageal lining from squamous to columnar epithelium. This is an example
of:
A) Dysplasia
B) Hyperplasia
C) Metaplasia
D) Anaplasia
CORRECT ANSWER - C) Metaplasia
18. Which of the following is a reversible cellular adaptation?
A) Necrosis
B) Apoptosis
C) Atrophy
D) Oncosis
CORRECT ANSWER - C) Atrophy
19. A 65-year-old smoker has a routine chest X-ray showing a small, well-
demarcated lesion. Biopsy shows disorganized cells with variable nuclear size and
increased mitotic figures. This is best described as:
A) Metaplasia
B) Hyperplasia
C) Dysplasia
