AQA
AQA Psychology A-Level Paper 2
100% Correct!
Wilhelm Wundt -
ANSWER - First
Psychologist
- First Lab in
Germany
- Experimental
Conditions
- Structuralism and
Introspection
Introspection - ANSWER Person Gains
knowledge about their mental state
by
examining their
conscious thoughts and
feelings
Empiricism - ANSWER Knowledge is
derived from sensory experience,
characterised
by the use of the
scientific method
Scientific Method - ANSWER The investigative methods that are:
- Objective
- Systematic
- Reliable
Evaluation of Wundt - ANSWER - methods were unreliable as it relied
on non-
observab
le
- Introspection is not accurate because people are often unaware of are
behaviours
Evaluation of the Scientific Approach - ANSWER - its objective and
systematic
- Rely on
determinism
- Self
corrective
- Create non-naturalistic
environments
- Human behaviour is not always observable to the rules of
AQA Psychology A-Level Paper 2 100% Correct!
,AQA
science
Classical Conditioning - ANSWER Pavlov - When a neutral stimulus is
consistently paired with an unconditional stimulus so that it takes on the
properties on the stimulus and is able to produced a conditioned response
Classical Conditioning steps - ANSWER UCS ->
UCR
NS -> No
Response
UCS+NS -> UCR
CS -> CR
Features of CC - ANSWER - If time interval is too great between conditioning
it does not work
- CR will become extinct in the absence of the UCS after a while
- If extinct and paired again they pair more quickly (Spontaneous Recovery)
- Stimulus generalisation, CR is created to things similar to CS
Operant Conditioning - ANSWER Skinner - Learning through
reinforcement or
punishment, a behaviour is more likely if followed by a desirable
concequence
Positive Reinforcement - ANSWER Behaviour Produces a response that is
desirable
Negative Reinforcement - ANSWER Doing something to stop unpleasant
response
Reinforcement - ANSWER Strengthening a response
Punishment - ANSWER An unpleasant consequence following a behaviour
Features of Classical Conditioning - ANSWER - Scheduling reinforcement
makes it
strong
er
-
Punishmen
t
Evaluation of Classical Conditioning - ANSWER - Applications in treatment of
phobias - Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans because they
have different needs to learn
Evaluation of Operant Conditioning - ANSWER - Use of experimental
method
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to
humans
AQA Psychology A-Level Paper 2 100% Correct!
,AQA
Modelling - ANSWER Individuals learn behaviour be observing others
Imitation - ANSWER Copying a models behaviour
Identification - ANSWER Individual adopts attitudes and behaviours of a
model because
they want to be like
them
Vicarious Reinforcement - ANSWER Individuals learn about the likely
consequences by
observing a model's experiences and adjust their behaviour to
obtain the same
experien
ce
The Role of the meditational Processes - ANSWER Observer forms a mental
representation pf the behaviour displayed of the model and the probable
consequences it will also happen to them
Evaluation of Social Learning Theory - ANSWER - Applications in
human behaviour
- research support
(Bandura)
- Problems with causality, it may not be observing but rather people
already have this a
try to find people
similar
- Approach disregards other potential influences
like gender
Bandura Procedures - ANSWER Children were exposed to
aggressive or non
aggressive models interacting with a
bobo doll
Bandura Findings - ANSWER Children who had aggressive models were
aggressive to
the
doll
Children who had non-aggressive models were not
aggressive to the doll
Cognitive - ANSWER Refers to mental processes such as perception,
memory and
reasonin
g
Schema - ANSWER A cognitive framework that helps us organise
and interpret
informati
on
AQA Psychology A-Level Paper 2 100% Correct!
, AQA
Why are Schemas useful? - ANSWER They help us make sense of new
information by
filling in
gaps
Theoretical Models - ANSWER Pictorial representations of cognitive
processes based
on research
evidence
Computer Model - ANSWER Computer analogy of input process
storage output to
represent the human
cognitive
Cognitive Neuroscience - ANSWER non-invasive imaging techniques such
as PET and
fMRI scans to help psychologists understand how the
brain works
PET - ANSWER Positron emission tomography fMRI
- ANSWER Functional Magnetic Resonance imaging
Evaluation of the Cognitive Approach - ANSWER - Applications in
social cognition,
dysfunctional
behaviour
-
Scientific
- Computer models are to simplistic for a human mind, and at the same
time suggest
that we never forget or never make
mistakes
- ignores emotion and motivation (tells us how
not why)
- Lack ecological
validity
Biological Approach - ANSWER Views humans as biological organisms
and provides
biological explanations for all psychological
functioning
Genes - ANSWER A part of the chromosome that carries genetic information
Genotype - ANSWER The genetic make-up of an individual
Phenotype - ANSWER The observable characteristics of an individual
Evolution - ANSWER Change is genetic make-up of a population over
time
NeuroChemistry - ANSWER How chemical and neural processes
associate with the
AQA Psychology A-Level Paper 2 100% Correct!
AQA Psychology A-Level Paper 2
100% Correct!
Wilhelm Wundt -
ANSWER - First
Psychologist
- First Lab in
Germany
- Experimental
Conditions
- Structuralism and
Introspection
Introspection - ANSWER Person Gains
knowledge about their mental state
by
examining their
conscious thoughts and
feelings
Empiricism - ANSWER Knowledge is
derived from sensory experience,
characterised
by the use of the
scientific method
Scientific Method - ANSWER The investigative methods that are:
- Objective
- Systematic
- Reliable
Evaluation of Wundt - ANSWER - methods were unreliable as it relied
on non-
observab
le
- Introspection is not accurate because people are often unaware of are
behaviours
Evaluation of the Scientific Approach - ANSWER - its objective and
systematic
- Rely on
determinism
- Self
corrective
- Create non-naturalistic
environments
- Human behaviour is not always observable to the rules of
AQA Psychology A-Level Paper 2 100% Correct!
,AQA
science
Classical Conditioning - ANSWER Pavlov - When a neutral stimulus is
consistently paired with an unconditional stimulus so that it takes on the
properties on the stimulus and is able to produced a conditioned response
Classical Conditioning steps - ANSWER UCS ->
UCR
NS -> No
Response
UCS+NS -> UCR
CS -> CR
Features of CC - ANSWER - If time interval is too great between conditioning
it does not work
- CR will become extinct in the absence of the UCS after a while
- If extinct and paired again they pair more quickly (Spontaneous Recovery)
- Stimulus generalisation, CR is created to things similar to CS
Operant Conditioning - ANSWER Skinner - Learning through
reinforcement or
punishment, a behaviour is more likely if followed by a desirable
concequence
Positive Reinforcement - ANSWER Behaviour Produces a response that is
desirable
Negative Reinforcement - ANSWER Doing something to stop unpleasant
response
Reinforcement - ANSWER Strengthening a response
Punishment - ANSWER An unpleasant consequence following a behaviour
Features of Classical Conditioning - ANSWER - Scheduling reinforcement
makes it
strong
er
-
Punishmen
t
Evaluation of Classical Conditioning - ANSWER - Applications in treatment of
phobias - Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans because they
have different needs to learn
Evaluation of Operant Conditioning - ANSWER - Use of experimental
method
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to
humans
AQA Psychology A-Level Paper 2 100% Correct!
,AQA
Modelling - ANSWER Individuals learn behaviour be observing others
Imitation - ANSWER Copying a models behaviour
Identification - ANSWER Individual adopts attitudes and behaviours of a
model because
they want to be like
them
Vicarious Reinforcement - ANSWER Individuals learn about the likely
consequences by
observing a model's experiences and adjust their behaviour to
obtain the same
experien
ce
The Role of the meditational Processes - ANSWER Observer forms a mental
representation pf the behaviour displayed of the model and the probable
consequences it will also happen to them
Evaluation of Social Learning Theory - ANSWER - Applications in
human behaviour
- research support
(Bandura)
- Problems with causality, it may not be observing but rather people
already have this a
try to find people
similar
- Approach disregards other potential influences
like gender
Bandura Procedures - ANSWER Children were exposed to
aggressive or non
aggressive models interacting with a
bobo doll
Bandura Findings - ANSWER Children who had aggressive models were
aggressive to
the
doll
Children who had non-aggressive models were not
aggressive to the doll
Cognitive - ANSWER Refers to mental processes such as perception,
memory and
reasonin
g
Schema - ANSWER A cognitive framework that helps us organise
and interpret
informati
on
AQA Psychology A-Level Paper 2 100% Correct!
, AQA
Why are Schemas useful? - ANSWER They help us make sense of new
information by
filling in
gaps
Theoretical Models - ANSWER Pictorial representations of cognitive
processes based
on research
evidence
Computer Model - ANSWER Computer analogy of input process
storage output to
represent the human
cognitive
Cognitive Neuroscience - ANSWER non-invasive imaging techniques such
as PET and
fMRI scans to help psychologists understand how the
brain works
PET - ANSWER Positron emission tomography fMRI
- ANSWER Functional Magnetic Resonance imaging
Evaluation of the Cognitive Approach - ANSWER - Applications in
social cognition,
dysfunctional
behaviour
-
Scientific
- Computer models are to simplistic for a human mind, and at the same
time suggest
that we never forget or never make
mistakes
- ignores emotion and motivation (tells us how
not why)
- Lack ecological
validity
Biological Approach - ANSWER Views humans as biological organisms
and provides
biological explanations for all psychological
functioning
Genes - ANSWER A part of the chromosome that carries genetic information
Genotype - ANSWER The genetic make-up of an individual
Phenotype - ANSWER The observable characteristics of an individual
Evolution - ANSWER Change is genetic make-up of a population over
time
NeuroChemistry - ANSWER How chemical and neural processes
associate with the
AQA Psychology A-Level Paper 2 100% Correct!
