BIOD 210 Final Exam – Genetics Portage Learning – (2026) Actual Questions &
Answers.
:
Module 1: Introduction to Genetics & Modern Implications
Module 2: Mendelian Genetics & Inheritance Patterns
Module 3: DNA Structure, Chromosomes, Mitosis & Meiosis
Module 4: Bacteria, Bacteriophages, Conjugation & Transformation
Module 5: DNA Replication, Transcription, Translation & Gene Regulation
Module 6: Genetic Mutations, Disorders & Mutagens
Module 7: Cancer Genetics, Gene Therapy & Epigenetics
MODULE 1: Introduction to Genetics & History (Questions 1–25)
,1. The genetic flow of material between organisms is NOT dependent on which of
these criteria?
A) Replication of the material
B) Independent assortment of the genes
C) Storage of the information
D) Variation of DNA through mutation
Answer: B) Independent assortment of the genes
Rationale: Genetic flow between organisms requires that genetic material be
replicated, stored, and capable of variation through mutation . Independent
assortment is a mechanism that generates diversity during gamete formation in
sexually reproducing organisms, but it is not a universal requirement for all
genetic flow (e.g., bacteria can exchange genes via transformation without
independent assortment). Thus, it is the factor on which genetic flow is NOT
dependent.
2. Genetics is defined as the study of:
A) Only the structure of DNA
B) Only inherited disorders
C) Heredity and the function of genes
,D) The evolution of species
Answer: C) Heredity and the function of genes
Rationale: The term "genetics" was coined in the early 1900s and refers to the
study of heredity—how traits are passed from parents to offspring—and the
function of genes that control those traits . While the other options are related
fields, they are narrower sub-disciplines.
3. Who is credited with introducing the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance in the
1910s?
A) Gregor Mendel
B) Charles Darwin
C) Thomas Hunt Morgan
D) James Watson
Answer: C) Thomas Hunt Morgan
Rationale: Thomas Hunt Morgan and his colleagues demonstrated that genes are
located on chromosomes and that heredity and development depend on
chromosomal transmission. This became known as the Chromosomal Theory of
, Inheritance. Mendel laid the groundwork with pea plant experiments, Darwin
proposed natural selection, and Watson co-discovered DNA structure .
4. Which of the following is an example of a model organism used in genetic
research?
A) Humans only
B) Fruit flies only
C) Mice, fruit flies, worms, and zebrafish
D) Only bacteria
Answer: C) Mice, fruit flies, worms, and zebrafish
Rationale: Model organisms are non-human species used in laboratories to study
biological processes because they are easy to maintain, reproduce quickly, and
share genetic similarities with humans. Common model organisms in genetics
include mice (mammalian model), fruit flies (Drosophila), worms (C. elegans), and
zebrafish. Each has unique advantages—e.g., zebrafish have transparent embryos,
worms have simple nervous systems, and mice can be "humanized" .
5. The haploid number of chromosomes in humans is:
A) 46
Answers.
:
Module 1: Introduction to Genetics & Modern Implications
Module 2: Mendelian Genetics & Inheritance Patterns
Module 3: DNA Structure, Chromosomes, Mitosis & Meiosis
Module 4: Bacteria, Bacteriophages, Conjugation & Transformation
Module 5: DNA Replication, Transcription, Translation & Gene Regulation
Module 6: Genetic Mutations, Disorders & Mutagens
Module 7: Cancer Genetics, Gene Therapy & Epigenetics
MODULE 1: Introduction to Genetics & History (Questions 1–25)
,1. The genetic flow of material between organisms is NOT dependent on which of
these criteria?
A) Replication of the material
B) Independent assortment of the genes
C) Storage of the information
D) Variation of DNA through mutation
Answer: B) Independent assortment of the genes
Rationale: Genetic flow between organisms requires that genetic material be
replicated, stored, and capable of variation through mutation . Independent
assortment is a mechanism that generates diversity during gamete formation in
sexually reproducing organisms, but it is not a universal requirement for all
genetic flow (e.g., bacteria can exchange genes via transformation without
independent assortment). Thus, it is the factor on which genetic flow is NOT
dependent.
2. Genetics is defined as the study of:
A) Only the structure of DNA
B) Only inherited disorders
C) Heredity and the function of genes
,D) The evolution of species
Answer: C) Heredity and the function of genes
Rationale: The term "genetics" was coined in the early 1900s and refers to the
study of heredity—how traits are passed from parents to offspring—and the
function of genes that control those traits . While the other options are related
fields, they are narrower sub-disciplines.
3. Who is credited with introducing the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance in the
1910s?
A) Gregor Mendel
B) Charles Darwin
C) Thomas Hunt Morgan
D) James Watson
Answer: C) Thomas Hunt Morgan
Rationale: Thomas Hunt Morgan and his colleagues demonstrated that genes are
located on chromosomes and that heredity and development depend on
chromosomal transmission. This became known as the Chromosomal Theory of
, Inheritance. Mendel laid the groundwork with pea plant experiments, Darwin
proposed natural selection, and Watson co-discovered DNA structure .
4. Which of the following is an example of a model organism used in genetic
research?
A) Humans only
B) Fruit flies only
C) Mice, fruit flies, worms, and zebrafish
D) Only bacteria
Answer: C) Mice, fruit flies, worms, and zebrafish
Rationale: Model organisms are non-human species used in laboratories to study
biological processes because they are easy to maintain, reproduce quickly, and
share genetic similarities with humans. Common model organisms in genetics
include mice (mammalian model), fruit flies (Drosophila), worms (C. elegans), and
zebrafish. Each has unique advantages—e.g., zebrafish have transparent embryos,
worms have simple nervous systems, and mice can be "humanized" .
5. The haploid number of chromosomes in humans is:
A) 46
