LN380 TEE EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

LN380 TEE EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Language - Answers a rule-based human system for expressing meaning identity culture and thought Arbitrariness - Answers the relationship between form and meaning is conventional not natural Infinite creativity - Answers humans can create and understand unlimited new sentences Discreteness - Answers language is made of separate units that combine systematically Displacement - Answers language can refer to things outside the immediate time and place Shared linguistic knowledge - Answers shared knowledge of sounds words syntax and meaning in a language Lexicon - Answers a person's mental storehouse of words and word knowledge Phonetics - Answers the study of speech sounds Phonology - Answers the study of sound patterns and pronunciation rules in a language Morphology - Answers the study of word formation Syntax - Answers the study of phrase and sentence formation Semantics - Answers the study of meaning Descriptive grammar - Answers grammar that describes how speakers actually use language Prescriptive grammar - Answers grammar that tells speakers how they should use language Teaching grammar - Answers grammar explained for learning another language or dialect No "primitive" languages - Answers all human languages are complex structured and rule-based Ferdinand de Saussure - Answers associated with the linguistic sign and the arbitrary link between sound-image and concept Linguistic sign - Answers the connection between a concept and a sound-image Human language - Answers language marked by grammar creativity discreteness and displacement Mental grammar - Answers the internal grammar speakers use to produce and understand language Language Acquisition Device (LAD) - Answers a proposed innate human mechanism for acquiring language Animal communication - Answers communication systems that lack the full creativity and structure of human language Stimulus-response communication - Answers communication based on learned or instinctive reactions Cook: language as representation - Answers language as a way humans represent identity and the world Cook: language as an abstract external entity - Answers language as an object that can be studied outside one speaker Cook: language as actual or potential sentences - Answers language as a set of possible well-formed expressions Cook: language as community possession - Answers language as something shared by a speech community Cook: language as knowledge in the mind - Answers language as mental knowledge held by individual speakers Cook: language as action/mediation - Answers language as a tool humans use to carry out actions Function words - Answers grammatical words that carry structure more than descriptive meaning Vivian Cook - Answers associated with multiple definitions of language and L2 learning as more than simple grammar study Mediation - Answers language as a tool that helps humans carry out actions and thought Neurolinguistics - Answers the study of language in relation to the brain Localization - Answers specific cognitive functions are associated with specific brain areas Lateralization - Answers language functions are centered more strongly in one hemisphere usually the left Contralateral control - Answers each brain hemisphere mainly controls the opposite side of the body Broca's area - Answers brain area associated with speech production and grammatical structure Wernicke's area - Answers brain area associated with language comprehension and word meaning Aphasia - Answers language impairment caused by brain damage Broca's aphasia - Answers labored agrammatical speech with difficulty forming sentences Wernicke's aphasia - Answers fluent but semantically incoherent speech Linguistic competence - Answers what a speaker knows about language Linguistic performance - Answers what a speaker actually does with language Neuroplasticity - Answers the brain's ability to reorganize and adapt Behaviorism - Answers language is learned through stimulus response imitation and reinforcement Universal Grammar (UG) - Answers humans possess an innate language faculty or grammar constraints Noam Chomsky - Answers associated with Universal Grammar and the Language Acquisition Device B.F. Skinner - Answers associated with behaviorism and language as learned behavior Competence vs. performance - Answers knowledge of language versus actual use of language Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH) - Answers language acquisition is biologically easiest during an early developmental window Critical period - Answers the period from birth to puberty when language learning is most biologically supported Critical period for lateralization - Answers early period often birth to age 3-5 when language functions lateralize Cerebral dominance - Answers strong specialization of one hemisphere for certain functions Left-hemisphere dominance - Answers language is mainly processed in the left hemisphere for most speakers Right-hemisphere dominance - Answers language functions are unusually centered in the right hemisphere Experiential deprivation - Answers lack of normal language or environmental exposure during development Dichotic listening test - Answers a test using different sounds in each ear to study hemispheric dominance Genie case - Answers case used to study deprivation critical periods and late first-language acquisition Fromkin et al. - Answers associated with the Genie study and evidence about deprivation lateralization and the critical period Linguistic comprehension - Answers ability to understand language Speech production - Answers ability to produce spoken language Phonological development - Answers development of correct speech-sound production and perception UG debate - Answers debate over whether language acquisition depends mainly on innate grammar or broader learning mechanisms Innateness - Answers the claim that key parts of language capacity are biologically given Environmental input - Answers linguistic and social exposure that supports acquisition Individual differences - Answers learner-specific traits that affect language development Poverty of the stimulus - Answers argument that input alone is too limited to explain full language acquisition Negative evidence - Answers information about what is not grammatical or not allowed Language universals - Answers features or patterns proposed to exist across human languages Adele Goldberg / Constructionist view - Answers language learning can be explained through patterns usage and general cognition Dąbrowska - Answers critiques strong UG claims and emphasizes input culture cognition and individual differences Language faculty (FL) - Answers the specialized human capacity underlying language Minimalist Program (MP) - Answers Chomsky's later UG model focused on simpler computational operations Recursive computational system - Answers a system that repeatedly combines elements to create complex structure Recursivity - Answers the ability to embed or combine structures repeatedly Sequential processing - Answers processing language step by step in linear order Deep structure - Answers underlying abstract structure of a sentence Surface structure - Answers the visible or spoken form of a sentence Mendívil-Giró - Answers defends revised UG and argues UG is often misinterpreted Minimalist UG - Answers UG as a basic computational capacity rather than a list of surface language rules Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis - Answers the claim that language and thought are related Linguistic determinism - Answers strong version: language determines thought Linguistic relativism - Answers weak version: language influences thought Grammatical gender - Answers noun classification that may shape patterns of description or thought Color terminology - Answers language-specific color categories that may affect perception Spatial orientation language - Answers language that uses absolute directions like north/south instead of left/right Political correctness / PC language - Answers language choices meant to avoid harmful or exclusionary framing Edward Sapir - Answers associated with the idea that language influences perception and thought Benjamin Lee Whorf - Answers associated with linguistic relativity and language-thought relationships Lera Boroditsky - Answers associated with examples of how language can shape thought and perception Idiolect - Answers the unique language variety of an individual speaker Genderlect - Answers language patterns associated with gendered communication norms Dialect - Answers a systematic language variety associated with a group Regional dialect - Answers a dialect tied to a geographic area Social dialect - Answers a dialect tied to a social group Accent - Answers pronunciation features associated with a region group or L1 background Standard dialect - Answers a socially elevated or institutionally accepted variety Prestige dialect - Answers a dialect treated as higher-status Language purism - Answers attempts to preserve or police a language in an idealized form Lingua franca - Answers a shared language used between speakers of different native languages Pidgin - Answers simplified contact language learned mainly as an L2 Creole - Answers a pidgin that becomes a native language with expanded grammar and vocabulary Language contact - Answers interaction between speakers of different languages Transitional bilingual education - Answers bilingual instruction where the native language is gradually phased out Bilingual maintenance - Answers bilingual schooling that maintains both languages Dual language immersion - Answers bilingual instruction for native and non-native speakers together Register - Answers language style appropriate to a social setting Honorifics - Answers forms that signal respect politeness or social relationship Jargon - Answers specialized vocabulary used by a profession or group Taboo words - Answers words considered inappropriate in polite society Epithets - Answers words used to demean or attack a group Slang - Answers informal and fast-changing casual language Euphemism - Answers a milder word used to replace a taboo or unpleasant term Lexifier language - Answers the dominant language supplying vocabulary to a pidgin or creole Borrowing - Answers taking words from one language into another Phonetics - Answers the study of speech sounds Acoustic phonetics - Answers study of the physical properties of speech sounds Auditory phonetics - Answers study of how speech sounds are perceived Articulatory phonetics - Answers study of how speech sounds are produced Speech signal - Answers the continuous stream of spoken language Orthography - Answers the writing or spelling system of a language International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) - Answers system where one symbol represents one sound Phonetic symbol - Answers a symbol representing a speech sound Voiced sound - Answers produced with vocal-fold vibration Voiceless sound - Answers produced without vocal-fold vibration Bilabial - Answers made with both lips Labiodental - Answers made with the lip and teeth Interdental - Answers made with the tongue between the teeth Alveolar - Answers made at the alveolar ridge Alveopalatal / palatal - Answers made near the hard palate Velar - Answers made at the velum or soft palate Glottal - Answers made at the glottis Stop - Answers sound made with complete airflow closure Fricative - Answers sound made with narrow airflow friction Affricate - Answers stop plus fricative functioning as one sound Nasal - Answers sound made with airflow through the nose Liquid - Answers consonant with partial obstruction and little friction Glide - Answers vowel-like consonant made during a transition Aspiration - Answers puff of air after certain consonants Oral sound - Answers sound made with airflow through the mouth [p] - Answers voiceless bilabial stop example: pie [b] - Answers voiced bilabial stop example: boy [m] - Answers voiced bilabial nasal example: man [f] - Answers voiceless labiodental fricative example: fan [v] - Answers voiced labiodental fricative example: van [θ] - Answers voiceless interdental fricative example: think [ð] - Answers voiced interdental fricative example: this [t] - Answers voiceless alveolar stop example: top [d] - Answers voiced alveolar stop example: dog [s] - Answers voiceless alveolar fricative example: sun [z] - Answers voiced alveolar fricative example: zoo [n] - Answers voiced alveolar nasal example: no [l] - Answers voiced alveolar liquid example: light [r] - Answers voiced alveolar liquid example: red [ʃ] - Answers voiceless alveopalatal fricative example: shoe [ʒ] - Answers voiced alveopalatal fricative example: measure [tʃ] - Answers voiceless alveopalatal affricate example: cheese [dʒ] - Answers voiced alveopalatal affricate example: judge [j] - Answers voiced palatal glide example: yes [k] - Answers voiceless velar stop example: cat [g] - Answers voiced velar stop example: go [ŋ] - Answers voiced velar nasal example: sing [w] - Answers voiced labiovelar glide example: we [h] - Answers voiceless glottal fricative example: hat Prosodics - Answers sound features above individual segments Stress - Answers emphasis placed on a syllable Pitch - Answers perceived highness or lowness of sound Tone - Answers pitch pattern that can affect word meaning in some languages Length - Answers duration of a sound Vowel - Answers speech sound produced with open airflow and no major obstruction Vowel placement - Answers vowel classification by tongue position Front vowel - Answers tongue positioned toward the front of the mouth Central vowel - Answers tongue positioned centrally Back vowel - Answers tongue positioned toward the back of the mouth Vowel height - Answers vowel classification by tongue height High vowel - Answers tongue raised high in the mouth Mid vowel - Answers tongue in the middle of the mouth Low vowel - Answers tongue lowered in the mouth Rounded vowel - Answers vowel made with lip rounding Unrounded vowel - Answers vowel made without lip rounding Tense vowel - Answers vowel made with greater muscular tension Lax vowel - Answers vowel made with less muscular tension Diphthong - Answers vowel plus glide within one syllable Schwa [ə] - Answers mid central unstressed vowel example: sofa Orthographic inconsistency - Answers spelling does not consistently match sound [i] - Answers high front tense unrounded vowel example: beat [ɪ] - Answers high front lax unrounded vowel example: bit [e] - Answers mid front tense unrounded vowel example: bake [ɛ] - Answers mid front lax unrounded vowel example: bet [æ] - Answers low front lax unrounded vowel example: bad [ə] - Answers mid central unstressed vowel example: sofa