,Contents
Cli
Diagnosis and the 4Ds........................................................................................... 4
Evaluation........................................................................................................... 4
Classification systems............................................................................................ 5
DSM.................................................................................................................... 5
ICD...................................................................................................................... 5
ni
Evaluation........................................................................................................ 7
Reliability............................................................................................................ 7
Validity................................................................................................................ 9
Classic study – Rosenhan (1979).........................................................................10
Schizophrenia...................................................................................................... 13
Symptoms......................................................................................................... 13
cal
Features............................................................................................................ 14
Dopamine hypothesis....................................................................................... 14
Evaluation...................................................................................................... 15
Genetics............................................................................................................ 16
Evaluation...................................................................................................... 17
Ps
Cognitive theory............................................................................................... 18
Evaluation...................................................................................................... 18
Treatments.......................................................................................................... 20
Drugs................................................................................................................ 20
Evaluation...................................................................................................... 21
yc
CBT................................................................................................................... 22
Evaluation...................................................................................................... 23
Carlsson............................................................................................................... 25
Evaluation......................................................................................................... 26
Anorexia.............................................................................................................. 31
Features............................................................................................................ 31
ho
Symptoms......................................................................................................... 31
Biological explanation....................................................................................... 31
Evaluation...................................................................................................... 32
Psychological explanation..................34
Evaluation...................................................................................................... 34
lo
Drug therapy.................................................................................................... 35
, Evaluation...................................................................................................... 36
CBT................................................................................................................... 36
Evaluation...................................................................................................... 37
Guardia – Contemporary Study............................................................................37
Individual differences and developmental...........................................................39
HCPC Guidelines.................................................................................................. 43
, Diagnosis and the 4Ds
Before diagnosing a mental disorder, we need to assess that it is in fact a
disorder. Assessments of abnormality are not based on any one criterion. Several
different factors are considered. The main method of assessment used by clinical
psychologists is the four D’s.
Deviance
This means that behaviours and emotions are viewed as unacceptable because
they are rare (i.e. deviating from the norm). One way of deciding whether
behaviour is deviant is to consider how unusual it is statistically. Behaviour that
occurs relatively rarely in the population is abnormal. Extremely rare people can
be considered deviant. Another way is looking at social norms (unwritten rules
about acceptable behaviour). These are the behaviours and attitudes that most
people stick to in any society in a particular time. When people violate social
norms, this is seen as abnormal.
Dysfunction
This is when the abnormal behaviour is significantly interfering with everyday
tasks and living your life. Under this definition, a person is considered abnormal
if they are unable to cope with the demands of everyday life - looking after
yourself, holding down a job, maintaining relationships with friends and family,
making yourself understood etc.
Distress
This is the view that abnormality involves being unhappy, which relates to
experiencing negative feelings like anxiety, isolation, confusion, and fear.
Everyone experiences negative feelings sometimes (e.g. exam stress,
bereavement). However, abnormality is when these negative feelings occur
inappropriately or persist longer than they should.
Danger
This consists of two broad themes - danger to self and danger to others.
Diagnostically speaking, there is a wide continuum of danger. Within each
diagnosis there is a continuum of the severity of danger as many psychologically
healthy people engage in some dangerous activities (particularly sports). If the
behaviour(s) in question because dangerous and excessively risk, then a
diagnosis may be required.
Duration
How long have the symptoms lasted.
Evaluation
Connecting diagnoses to everyday life. This is a strength because it is useful,
applicable. Helps people in context, individualised scenarios.
Cli
Diagnosis and the 4Ds........................................................................................... 4
Evaluation........................................................................................................... 4
Classification systems............................................................................................ 5
DSM.................................................................................................................... 5
ICD...................................................................................................................... 5
ni
Evaluation........................................................................................................ 7
Reliability............................................................................................................ 7
Validity................................................................................................................ 9
Classic study – Rosenhan (1979).........................................................................10
Schizophrenia...................................................................................................... 13
Symptoms......................................................................................................... 13
cal
Features............................................................................................................ 14
Dopamine hypothesis....................................................................................... 14
Evaluation...................................................................................................... 15
Genetics............................................................................................................ 16
Evaluation...................................................................................................... 17
Ps
Cognitive theory............................................................................................... 18
Evaluation...................................................................................................... 18
Treatments.......................................................................................................... 20
Drugs................................................................................................................ 20
Evaluation...................................................................................................... 21
yc
CBT................................................................................................................... 22
Evaluation...................................................................................................... 23
Carlsson............................................................................................................... 25
Evaluation......................................................................................................... 26
Anorexia.............................................................................................................. 31
Features............................................................................................................ 31
ho
Symptoms......................................................................................................... 31
Biological explanation....................................................................................... 31
Evaluation...................................................................................................... 32
Psychological explanation..................34
Evaluation...................................................................................................... 34
lo
Drug therapy.................................................................................................... 35
, Evaluation...................................................................................................... 36
CBT................................................................................................................... 36
Evaluation...................................................................................................... 37
Guardia – Contemporary Study............................................................................37
Individual differences and developmental...........................................................39
HCPC Guidelines.................................................................................................. 43
, Diagnosis and the 4Ds
Before diagnosing a mental disorder, we need to assess that it is in fact a
disorder. Assessments of abnormality are not based on any one criterion. Several
different factors are considered. The main method of assessment used by clinical
psychologists is the four D’s.
Deviance
This means that behaviours and emotions are viewed as unacceptable because
they are rare (i.e. deviating from the norm). One way of deciding whether
behaviour is deviant is to consider how unusual it is statistically. Behaviour that
occurs relatively rarely in the population is abnormal. Extremely rare people can
be considered deviant. Another way is looking at social norms (unwritten rules
about acceptable behaviour). These are the behaviours and attitudes that most
people stick to in any society in a particular time. When people violate social
norms, this is seen as abnormal.
Dysfunction
This is when the abnormal behaviour is significantly interfering with everyday
tasks and living your life. Under this definition, a person is considered abnormal
if they are unable to cope with the demands of everyday life - looking after
yourself, holding down a job, maintaining relationships with friends and family,
making yourself understood etc.
Distress
This is the view that abnormality involves being unhappy, which relates to
experiencing negative feelings like anxiety, isolation, confusion, and fear.
Everyone experiences negative feelings sometimes (e.g. exam stress,
bereavement). However, abnormality is when these negative feelings occur
inappropriately or persist longer than they should.
Danger
This consists of two broad themes - danger to self and danger to others.
Diagnostically speaking, there is a wide continuum of danger. Within each
diagnosis there is a continuum of the severity of danger as many psychologically
healthy people engage in some dangerous activities (particularly sports). If the
behaviour(s) in question because dangerous and excessively risk, then a
diagnosis may be required.
Duration
How long have the symptoms lasted.
Evaluation
Connecting diagnoses to everyday life. This is a strength because it is useful,
applicable. Helps people in context, individualised scenarios.
