K101 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE 2026-2027
1. 1. In a single molecule of water, the two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a
single oxygen atom by: polar covalent bonds.
2. 2. Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments demonstrated conclusively that: organic
molecules can be synthesized abiotically under conditions that may have existed on early Earth.
3. 3. What do the four 'elements of life' -carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitro-
gen-have in common?: They all have unpaired electrons in their valence shells.
4. 4. Using the functional group diagram at right answer A - E which of the
following is incorrectly matched?:
A = amino group
B = thiol group
C = carbonyl (aldehyde)
D= organic phosphate
E= carboxyl group: E= carboxyl group
5. 5. Water is able to form hydrogen bonds because: the bonds that hold together the atoms
in a water molecule are polar covalent bonds
6. 6. Which functional group shown at right is:
i) is an acidic functional group that can release H+ into a solutio n?: C. Carboxyl
7. 6. Which functional group shown at right is:
ii) a basic functional group that can accept H+?: D. Amine
8. 6. Which functional group shown at right is:
iii) can exist as a ketone or aldehyde configuration?: B. Carbonyl
9. 6. Which functional group shown at right is:
iv) a characteristic of alcohols?: A. Hydroxyl
10. 6. Which functional group shown at right is:
v) helps stabilize proteins by forming covalent cross-links within o r between
protein molecules?: E. Sulfhydryl
,K101 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE 2026-2027
11. 7. Which modifications of fatty acids will best keep triglycerides solid at
warmer temperatures?: adding hydrogens to the fatty acids
12. 8. A comparison of saturated and naturally occurring unsaturated fats re-
veals that the unsaturated fats are at room temperature and have
:: Liquids; cis double bonds
13. 9. A molecule with four joined rings that is the precursor of vertebrate
sex hormones (See Box 4.in figure below) and is also found in the vertebrate
phospholipid bilayer is:: cholesterol
14. 10. A molecule with the formula C18H36O2 is probably a , where one with
the formula C6H12O6 is probably a : fatty acid and monosaccharide, respectively
15. 11. Match the molecules shown below and to the right
a. cholesterol.: 4
16. 11. Match the molecules shown below and to the right
b. dipeptide.: 5
17. 11. Match the molecules shown below and to the right
c. saturated fatty acid.: 3
18. 11. Match the molecules shown below and to the right
d. polyunsaturated fatty acid.: 2
19. 11. Match the molecules shown below and to the right
e. glucose.: 1
20. 12. Which of the following statements is/are true regarding ch emical reac-
tion (5) illustrated above?: It results in a peptide bond.
21. 13. A bond that forms by joining monomers (such as nucleotides or amino
acids) into polymers (such as DNA or insulin) is a(n):: Covalent bond
22. 14. Polysaccharides, triacylglycerides, and proteins are similar in that they: -
are synthesized from subunits by dehydration reactions.
23. 15. Match the following parts of the cell to its function
i) Nucleus: C. Site transcription of mRNA and tRNA for protein synthesis
,K101 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE 2026-2027
24. 15. Match the following parts of the cell to its functioni)
ii) Mitochondria: E. Synthesis of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation
25. 15. Match the following parts of the cell to its function
iii) Nucleolis: F. Site of rRNA for protein synthesis
26. 15. Match the following parts of the cell to its function
iv) Rough ER: H. Synthesis of the insulin receptor, a transmembrane glycoprotein
27. 15. Match the following parts of the cell to its function
v) Golgi apparatus: A. Sorting of proteins targeted for extracellular secretion
28. 15. Match the following parts of the cell to its function
vi) Lysosome: G. Intercellular digestion
29. 15. Match the following parts of the cell to its function
vii) Smooth ER: D. Synthesis of the steroid hormone testosterone
30. 15. Match the following parts of the cell to its function
viii) Extracellular Matrix: B. Site of cell-cell adhesion and cell recognition
31. 16. Proteins that are manufactured for secretion (export from the cell):: are
made in the rough ER and packaged in transport vesicles
32. 17. Mammalian blood contains the equivalent of 0.15 M NaCl. Seawater
contains the equivalent of 0.45 M NaCl.
What will happen if red blood cells are transferred to seawater?: Water will leave the
cells, causing them to shrivel and collapse.
33. 18. All of the following are functions of integral membrane proteins except-
: Synthesis of hormones.
34. 19. Match the components of the plasma membrane
with the letters in the figure at right.
a. Cholesterol -: E
35. 19. Match the components of the plasma membrane
with the letters in the figure at right.
b. Glycolipid -: A
36. 19. Match the components of the plasma membrane
with the letters in the figure at right.
c. Integral Membrane Protein -: B
,K101 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE 2026-2027
d. Peripheral Membrane Protein -: F
e. Glycoprotein -: C
39. 20. Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy
within a cell?: anabolic reactions
40. 21. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Why is ATP an important molecule in metabo-
lism?
a. Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions.
b. It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions.
c. Its terminal phosphate group has unusually strong covalent bonds that
generate free energy.: a. Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions.
b. It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions.
41. 22. Increasing the substrate concentration in a reaction could overcome
which of the following?: saturation of the enzyme activity
42. 23. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: The primary way that cells do work is called
energy coupling, using ATP. Which
statements below statements accurately defines energy coupling?
a. Anabolic reactions drive catabolic reactions.
b. Exergonic reactions drive endergonic reactions.
c. Endergonic reactions drive exergonic reactions.
d. ATP hydrolysis releases free energy that can be coupled to an endergonic
reaction via the formation of a phosphorylated intermediate.
e. Endergonic and exergonic reactions occur independently of each other.: b.
Exergonic reactions drive endergonic reactions.
d. ATP hydrolysis releases free energy that can be coupled to an endergonic reaction via the formation of a phospho-
rylated intermediate.
43. 24. The general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from
ATP to a protein is: protein kinase
LATEST UPDATE 2026-2027
1. 1. In a single molecule of water, the two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a
single oxygen atom by: polar covalent bonds.
2. 2. Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments demonstrated conclusively that: organic
molecules can be synthesized abiotically under conditions that may have existed on early Earth.
3. 3. What do the four 'elements of life' -carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitro-
gen-have in common?: They all have unpaired electrons in their valence shells.
4. 4. Using the functional group diagram at right answer A - E which of the
following is incorrectly matched?:
A = amino group
B = thiol group
C = carbonyl (aldehyde)
D= organic phosphate
E= carboxyl group: E= carboxyl group
5. 5. Water is able to form hydrogen bonds because: the bonds that hold together the atoms
in a water molecule are polar covalent bonds
6. 6. Which functional group shown at right is:
i) is an acidic functional group that can release H+ into a solutio n?: C. Carboxyl
7. 6. Which functional group shown at right is:
ii) a basic functional group that can accept H+?: D. Amine
8. 6. Which functional group shown at right is:
iii) can exist as a ketone or aldehyde configuration?: B. Carbonyl
9. 6. Which functional group shown at right is:
iv) a characteristic of alcohols?: A. Hydroxyl
10. 6. Which functional group shown at right is:
v) helps stabilize proteins by forming covalent cross-links within o r between
protein molecules?: E. Sulfhydryl
,K101 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE 2026-2027
11. 7. Which modifications of fatty acids will best keep triglycerides solid at
warmer temperatures?: adding hydrogens to the fatty acids
12. 8. A comparison of saturated and naturally occurring unsaturated fats re-
veals that the unsaturated fats are at room temperature and have
:: Liquids; cis double bonds
13. 9. A molecule with four joined rings that is the precursor of vertebrate
sex hormones (See Box 4.in figure below) and is also found in the vertebrate
phospholipid bilayer is:: cholesterol
14. 10. A molecule with the formula C18H36O2 is probably a , where one with
the formula C6H12O6 is probably a : fatty acid and monosaccharide, respectively
15. 11. Match the molecules shown below and to the right
a. cholesterol.: 4
16. 11. Match the molecules shown below and to the right
b. dipeptide.: 5
17. 11. Match the molecules shown below and to the right
c. saturated fatty acid.: 3
18. 11. Match the molecules shown below and to the right
d. polyunsaturated fatty acid.: 2
19. 11. Match the molecules shown below and to the right
e. glucose.: 1
20. 12. Which of the following statements is/are true regarding ch emical reac-
tion (5) illustrated above?: It results in a peptide bond.
21. 13. A bond that forms by joining monomers (such as nucleotides or amino
acids) into polymers (such as DNA or insulin) is a(n):: Covalent bond
22. 14. Polysaccharides, triacylglycerides, and proteins are similar in that they: -
are synthesized from subunits by dehydration reactions.
23. 15. Match the following parts of the cell to its function
i) Nucleus: C. Site transcription of mRNA and tRNA for protein synthesis
,K101 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE 2026-2027
24. 15. Match the following parts of the cell to its functioni)
ii) Mitochondria: E. Synthesis of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation
25. 15. Match the following parts of the cell to its function
iii) Nucleolis: F. Site of rRNA for protein synthesis
26. 15. Match the following parts of the cell to its function
iv) Rough ER: H. Synthesis of the insulin receptor, a transmembrane glycoprotein
27. 15. Match the following parts of the cell to its function
v) Golgi apparatus: A. Sorting of proteins targeted for extracellular secretion
28. 15. Match the following parts of the cell to its function
vi) Lysosome: G. Intercellular digestion
29. 15. Match the following parts of the cell to its function
vii) Smooth ER: D. Synthesis of the steroid hormone testosterone
30. 15. Match the following parts of the cell to its function
viii) Extracellular Matrix: B. Site of cell-cell adhesion and cell recognition
31. 16. Proteins that are manufactured for secretion (export from the cell):: are
made in the rough ER and packaged in transport vesicles
32. 17. Mammalian blood contains the equivalent of 0.15 M NaCl. Seawater
contains the equivalent of 0.45 M NaCl.
What will happen if red blood cells are transferred to seawater?: Water will leave the
cells, causing them to shrivel and collapse.
33. 18. All of the following are functions of integral membrane proteins except-
: Synthesis of hormones.
34. 19. Match the components of the plasma membrane
with the letters in the figure at right.
a. Cholesterol -: E
35. 19. Match the components of the plasma membrane
with the letters in the figure at right.
b. Glycolipid -: A
36. 19. Match the components of the plasma membrane
with the letters in the figure at right.
c. Integral Membrane Protein -: B
,K101 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE 2026-2027
d. Peripheral Membrane Protein -: F
e. Glycoprotein -: C
39. 20. Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy
within a cell?: anabolic reactions
40. 21. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Why is ATP an important molecule in metabo-
lism?
a. Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions.
b. It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions.
c. Its terminal phosphate group has unusually strong covalent bonds that
generate free energy.: a. Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions.
b. It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions.
41. 22. Increasing the substrate concentration in a reaction could overcome
which of the following?: saturation of the enzyme activity
42. 23. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: The primary way that cells do work is called
energy coupling, using ATP. Which
statements below statements accurately defines energy coupling?
a. Anabolic reactions drive catabolic reactions.
b. Exergonic reactions drive endergonic reactions.
c. Endergonic reactions drive exergonic reactions.
d. ATP hydrolysis releases free energy that can be coupled to an endergonic
reaction via the formation of a phosphorylated intermediate.
e. Endergonic and exergonic reactions occur independently of each other.: b.
Exergonic reactions drive endergonic reactions.
d. ATP hydrolysis releases free energy that can be coupled to an endergonic reaction via the formation of a phospho-
rylated intermediate.
43. 24. The general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from
ATP to a protein is: protein kinase
