PCC 1- Exam #1
Definition of Health - answer- from Edelman's definition of health, "a state of physical,
mental, spiritual, and social functioning within developmental context.
- state of well bring, NOT necessarily freedom from disease
- both individual and societal responsibility
The four health components - answer1. Physical
2. Mental
3. Spiritual
4. Social
developmental model for wellness - answer- Ongoing patterns of person (behavioral)
and environmental (social) interactions across the life span
The person is part of interconnected system
- Biological
- Social
Model of Health: Clinical - answer-Absence s/s disease; prevention not emphasized
- see providers when they are sick
Model of Health: Role Performance - answer-Health based on whether person can
perform societal roles
- also can include the "sick role"
Model for Health: Adaptive - answer- Ability to adapt positively to change
- elders may use spirituality
Model for Health:: Eudaimonistic - answer- Exuberant well-being: interaction and
interrelationships in multiple aspects of life; "Flourishing"
- achieving happiness
- see providers when they want more from them
Definition of Functioning - answer- Levels reflected in terms of performance/social
expectations; loss indicator of need for nursing intervention
Definition of Wellness - answer- Positive state of health that is continually changing
Definition of Disease - answer- Failure of adaptive mechanisms
- Results in functional or structural disturbances
Definition of Illness - answer- Subjective experience of individual and physical
manifestation of disease
,Levels of Prevention: Primary - answer1. Health promotion and specific protection
Precedes disease/dysfunction
Interventions
Health promotion (e.g., education)
Specific protection (e.g., immunization, reducing exposure to carcinogens, occupational
hazards)
Focus: Maintain/improve general individual/family/community health
Passive-not personally involved
Public health efforts-clean water/sewer
Active-personally involved
Lifestyle changes
ex: educating a population susceptible to a disease
Levels of Prevention: Secondary - answer2. Early diagnosis
3. Prompt treatment
4. Disability limitation
Screening
Goal: Identify individuals in early, detectable stage of disease
Treating early stages of disease
Limiting disability
Interventions similar to primary prevention but applied to individuals/ populations with
disease
Issues:
Ethics
Expenses
Specificity and sensitivity
ex: educating diabetic patients on insulin use
Levels of Prevention: Tertiary - answer5. Restoration and rehabilitation
Defect/disability permanent or irreversible (e.g., stroke)
Minimizing effect to prevent complications/deterioration
Objective: Return to useful place in society, maximize remaining capacity
Surveillance
Maintenance
Rehabilitation
ex: helping a stroke patient provide health education
Screening, Primary and Secondary Objectives - answerPrimary objective: Detection of a
disease in its early stages in order to treat it and deter its progression. Empowers
individual to make informed choices
Secondary objective: Reduce cost of disease management by avoiding costly
interventions required at later stages.
Screening instruments must be.. - answersafe
, cost effective
accurate
reliable
valid
Social Determinants of Health - answer- health in the home, school, workplace, and
community
- nutrition and physical activity
- immunizations
- particpating in screening
- accèss to healthcare
Health Promotion Models
Health Belief Model (Stretcher and Rosenstock) - answerMultiple factors that motivate
individuals to learn and participate in health seeking behaviors
Belief in susceptibility
Perceived threat/severity
Perceived benefit of action
Perceived barriers to taking action
Health Promotion Model (Pender) - answerFocus is that the individual who pursues a
health goal through action does this based upon: degree the action has value and
change is wanted; degree it is likely to give positive results; Perception that goal is
possible
Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura) - answerSelf beliefs influence behavior
Formed through self reflection and self observation
Motivational Model (TTM - Prochaska) - answerFeelings and motivators that affect
behavior during health and illness
Theory of Reasoned action and planned behavior (Ajzen and Fishbein) - answerHow
attitudes and subjective norms influence changes in behavior
Intention to change driven by
Attitude toward behavior
Subjective norm for the behavior
Transtheoretical Model of Change - answerPre Contemplation- individual does not
intend to change
Contemplation-no awareness; √ pros/cons
Preparation -taking small steps to action; intention is there
Action -making modifications; changing
Definition of Health - answer- from Edelman's definition of health, "a state of physical,
mental, spiritual, and social functioning within developmental context.
- state of well bring, NOT necessarily freedom from disease
- both individual and societal responsibility
The four health components - answer1. Physical
2. Mental
3. Spiritual
4. Social
developmental model for wellness - answer- Ongoing patterns of person (behavioral)
and environmental (social) interactions across the life span
The person is part of interconnected system
- Biological
- Social
Model of Health: Clinical - answer-Absence s/s disease; prevention not emphasized
- see providers when they are sick
Model of Health: Role Performance - answer-Health based on whether person can
perform societal roles
- also can include the "sick role"
Model for Health: Adaptive - answer- Ability to adapt positively to change
- elders may use spirituality
Model for Health:: Eudaimonistic - answer- Exuberant well-being: interaction and
interrelationships in multiple aspects of life; "Flourishing"
- achieving happiness
- see providers when they want more from them
Definition of Functioning - answer- Levels reflected in terms of performance/social
expectations; loss indicator of need for nursing intervention
Definition of Wellness - answer- Positive state of health that is continually changing
Definition of Disease - answer- Failure of adaptive mechanisms
- Results in functional or structural disturbances
Definition of Illness - answer- Subjective experience of individual and physical
manifestation of disease
,Levels of Prevention: Primary - answer1. Health promotion and specific protection
Precedes disease/dysfunction
Interventions
Health promotion (e.g., education)
Specific protection (e.g., immunization, reducing exposure to carcinogens, occupational
hazards)
Focus: Maintain/improve general individual/family/community health
Passive-not personally involved
Public health efforts-clean water/sewer
Active-personally involved
Lifestyle changes
ex: educating a population susceptible to a disease
Levels of Prevention: Secondary - answer2. Early diagnosis
3. Prompt treatment
4. Disability limitation
Screening
Goal: Identify individuals in early, detectable stage of disease
Treating early stages of disease
Limiting disability
Interventions similar to primary prevention but applied to individuals/ populations with
disease
Issues:
Ethics
Expenses
Specificity and sensitivity
ex: educating diabetic patients on insulin use
Levels of Prevention: Tertiary - answer5. Restoration and rehabilitation
Defect/disability permanent or irreversible (e.g., stroke)
Minimizing effect to prevent complications/deterioration
Objective: Return to useful place in society, maximize remaining capacity
Surveillance
Maintenance
Rehabilitation
ex: helping a stroke patient provide health education
Screening, Primary and Secondary Objectives - answerPrimary objective: Detection of a
disease in its early stages in order to treat it and deter its progression. Empowers
individual to make informed choices
Secondary objective: Reduce cost of disease management by avoiding costly
interventions required at later stages.
Screening instruments must be.. - answersafe
, cost effective
accurate
reliable
valid
Social Determinants of Health - answer- health in the home, school, workplace, and
community
- nutrition and physical activity
- immunizations
- particpating in screening
- accèss to healthcare
Health Promotion Models
Health Belief Model (Stretcher and Rosenstock) - answerMultiple factors that motivate
individuals to learn and participate in health seeking behaviors
Belief in susceptibility
Perceived threat/severity
Perceived benefit of action
Perceived barriers to taking action
Health Promotion Model (Pender) - answerFocus is that the individual who pursues a
health goal through action does this based upon: degree the action has value and
change is wanted; degree it is likely to give positive results; Perception that goal is
possible
Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura) - answerSelf beliefs influence behavior
Formed through self reflection and self observation
Motivational Model (TTM - Prochaska) - answerFeelings and motivators that affect
behavior during health and illness
Theory of Reasoned action and planned behavior (Ajzen and Fishbein) - answerHow
attitudes and subjective norms influence changes in behavior
Intention to change driven by
Attitude toward behavior
Subjective norm for the behavior
Transtheoretical Model of Change - answerPre Contemplation- individual does not
intend to change
Contemplation-no awareness; √ pros/cons
Preparation -taking small steps to action; intention is there
Action -making modifications; changing
