NIGHTINGALE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY – EXAM
2|QUESTIONS AND ANSWER|2026 UPDATE|GRADED
A+|100% CORRECT
SECTION A: GENERAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (1–20)
1.
Pathophysiology is best defined as:
A. Study of normal body structure
B. Study of disease processes and functional changes
C. Study of drugs and therapy
D. Study of anatomy only
Answer: B
Rationale: Pathophysiology focuses on how disease alters normal physiological function.
2.
Homeostasis refers to:
A. Disease progression
B. Internal stability of the body
C. Organ failure
D. Genetic mutation
Answer: B
Rationale: It is the maintenance of a able internal environment.
3.
Cell injury can be caused by all EXCEPT:
A. Hypoxia
B. Toxins
C. Adequate oxygen supply
D. Infection
,Answer: C
Rationale: Adequate oxygen supports normal cell function, not injury.
4.
Reversible cell injury means:
A. Permanent damage
B. Cell death
C. Recovery is possible
D. Mutation occurs
Answer: C
Rationale: The cell can recover if the insult is removed.
5.
Irreversible cell injury leads to:
A. Healing
B. Apoptosis or necrosis
C. Increased metabolism
D. Hyperplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Severe damage leads to cell death.
6.
Hypoxia refers to:
A. Excess oxygen
B. Low oxygen in tissues
C. High carbon dioxide
D. Infection
Answer: B
Rationale: Tissue oxygen deficiency.
7.
, The most sensitive organ to hypoxia is:
A. Skin
B. Brain
C. Bones
D. Muscles
Answer: B
Rationale: The brain requires constant oxygen supply.
8.
Ischemia refers to:
A. Increased blood flow
B. Reduced blood supply
C. Infection
D. Hormonal imbalance
Answer: B
Rationale: Decreased perfusion leads to tissue damage.
9.
Apoptosis is:
A. Random cell death
B. Programmed cell death
C. Infection
D. Cancer growth
Answer: B
Rationale: Controlled, programmed cell death.
10.
Necrosis is:
A. Normal cell division
B. Uncontrolled cell death
C. DNA replication
D. Healing process
2|QUESTIONS AND ANSWER|2026 UPDATE|GRADED
A+|100% CORRECT
SECTION A: GENERAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (1–20)
1.
Pathophysiology is best defined as:
A. Study of normal body structure
B. Study of disease processes and functional changes
C. Study of drugs and therapy
D. Study of anatomy only
Answer: B
Rationale: Pathophysiology focuses on how disease alters normal physiological function.
2.
Homeostasis refers to:
A. Disease progression
B. Internal stability of the body
C. Organ failure
D. Genetic mutation
Answer: B
Rationale: It is the maintenance of a able internal environment.
3.
Cell injury can be caused by all EXCEPT:
A. Hypoxia
B. Toxins
C. Adequate oxygen supply
D. Infection
,Answer: C
Rationale: Adequate oxygen supports normal cell function, not injury.
4.
Reversible cell injury means:
A. Permanent damage
B. Cell death
C. Recovery is possible
D. Mutation occurs
Answer: C
Rationale: The cell can recover if the insult is removed.
5.
Irreversible cell injury leads to:
A. Healing
B. Apoptosis or necrosis
C. Increased metabolism
D. Hyperplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Severe damage leads to cell death.
6.
Hypoxia refers to:
A. Excess oxygen
B. Low oxygen in tissues
C. High carbon dioxide
D. Infection
Answer: B
Rationale: Tissue oxygen deficiency.
7.
, The most sensitive organ to hypoxia is:
A. Skin
B. Brain
C. Bones
D. Muscles
Answer: B
Rationale: The brain requires constant oxygen supply.
8.
Ischemia refers to:
A. Increased blood flow
B. Reduced blood supply
C. Infection
D. Hormonal imbalance
Answer: B
Rationale: Decreased perfusion leads to tissue damage.
9.
Apoptosis is:
A. Random cell death
B. Programmed cell death
C. Infection
D. Cancer growth
Answer: B
Rationale: Controlled, programmed cell death.
10.
Necrosis is:
A. Normal cell division
B. Uncontrolled cell death
C. DNA replication
D. Healing process
