PSY 316 FINAL QUESTIONS & VERIFIED ANSWERS
A person who suffers loss of memory for events occurring before a brain injury is known
to have ___ amnesia, whereas a person who suffers loss of memory for events
occurring after a brain injury is known to have ___ amnesia. - Answers - retrograde;
anterograde
According to the Hemispheric Encoding /Retrieval Asymmetry (HERA) model, people
encode episodic memory in the ___ frontal lobe and retrieve episodic memory in the
___ frontal lobe. - Answers - left; right
Patient K. C. was in a motorcycle accident and experienced a serious injury to the
frontal regions of his brain. He had a complete loss of episodic memory but not to his
semantic memory. This would be an example of a(n) ___. - Answers - dissociation
The catastrophic loss of memories or memory abilities caused by brain damage or
disease is known as ___. - Answers - amnesia
A man started to remember all of a sudden a carnival he used to go to as a child after
smelling cotton candy. This remembering without trying to remember it due to the odor
of the cotton candy is a good example of - Answers - spontaneous memory
A reason for misinformation acceptance is due to ___, the process of storing new
information that changes the originally stored information in memory because our
memories are malleable (changeable). - Answers - reconsolidation
In the Loftus and Palmer study, individuals were shown a film of a car accident. A week
later, they were asked questions about the accident. What did the researchers find? -
Answers - People stated that there was broken glass when the question implied that the
cars smashed each other.
In the DRM task, people are shown a list of words that are semantically related (e.g.,
achieve, best, win, etc.). They are then asked to either recall or recognize the list of
words. What would be a typical finding from this DRM task? - Answers - Individuals tend
to falsely remember with great confidence a critical lure that was not on the list of words.
The ___ theory posits that forgetting is caused by memory traces fading due to the
passage of time, whereas the ___ theory posits that forgetting is caused by competing
information blocking another information in memory. - Answers - decay; interference
Forgetting may be caused by the absence of retrieval cues; however, memory traces of
the information may still exist in your long-term memory. This is an example of how
information can be ___ in memory due to it being stored somewhere in long-term
memory but is not ___ because you cannot retrieve that information or have not brought
that information to mind. - Answers - available; accessible
,Which of the following statements is not true about gestures? - Answers - Gestures
while learning enhances memory for surface form text.
___ theory is when we form conversations based on what we think the other person
believes about us, whereas ___ theory is when we form conversations based on what
the other person knows and is interested in. - Answers - Second-order; direct
If a person says, "A penny for your thoughts" to ask what someone might be thinking,
this expression is an example of a(n) ___. - Answers - idiom
When your roommate tells you that it is hard to study when the music is so loud, you
know your roommate is asking for you to lower the volume without literally saying to
lower the volume. This conversation, in which the roommate is telling you to do
something without stating it explicitly, is an example of a(n) ___. - Answers - indirect
request
According to Grice's (1975) conversational maxims for following the cooperative
principle, what is the conversational rule called when utterances should stay on topic to
the discourse? - Answers - relevance
What level of language analysis focuses on prior information from semantic memory to
guide us in understanding sentences? - Answers - conceptual knowledge
Which method of online comprehension could be used to assess the conscious
thoughts of people as they discuss what was read from a passage of text?Which
method of online comprehension could be used to assess the conscious thoughts of
people as they discuss what was read from a passage of text? - Answers - think-aloud
verbal protocol
What is the metacomprehension measure called when people are asked to estimate
how well they understood the materials they studied for and are compared to their
actual test performance? - Answers - judgment of learning
A reason for why people may be poor at their comprehension is that they spend large
amounts of time trying to learn information that is too far beyond their current level of
knowledge and end up learning little to nothing. What is this term called? - Answers -
labor-in-vain effect
A great strategy for metacomprehension is learning information that is just beyond a
person's current level of understanding. What is this term called? - Answers - region of
proximal learning
When reading through stories, you rely on two mechanisms: ___ causes unrelated
concepts to decrease in activation and ___ causes related concepts to increase in
activation in your memory.When reading through stories, you rely on two mechanisms:
,___ causes unrelated concepts to decrease in activation and ___ causes related
concepts to increase in activation in your memory. - Answers - suppression;
enhancement
What level of comprehension are we referring to when we are understanding
information based on exact wording? - Answers - surface form
When we are getting the basic idea units or main ideas of a text, this level of
comprehension is referred to as the ___. - Answers - propositional textbase
When recording eye movements in an eye-tracker, the rapid jerking movements of the
eyes are known as ___. - Answers - saccades
Based on findings on an eye-tracker, ___ readers tend to have their eyes spend
different amounts of time on certain words and ___ readers tend to have their eyes go
back many times to reread what they have already processed. - Answers - good; poor
The ___ assumption is the idea that readers try to interpret each content word of a text
as they encounter that word, and the ___ assumption is the idea that the pattern of eye
movements directly reflects the complexity of the underlying cognitive processes. -
Answers - immediacy; eye-mind
___ is an intended reference in a sentence or utterance but is not mentioned explicitly
by the speaker, whereas ___ is the process by which the comprehender draws
connections between concepts, determines the referents of words and ideas, and
derives conclusions from a message. - Answers - Implication; inference
The process by which our memories slow down when there is a change to our situation
models (e.g., time, location, characters, goals, and causality) is known as ___. -
Answers - updating
In the example, "Tina created fire, and Lisa cooked," there is a period of time when Lisa
has an advantage in memory. However, Lisa's name is activated temporarily,
disappearing after 150 milliseconds (ms). What is this advantage called? - Answers -
clause recency
In a study by Morrow, Greenspan, and Bower (1987), people had to imagine where
items were in a location when they are in another location. What did the researchers
find? - Answers - People tended to slow down when the object is mentally farther away
from them.
A female student performs poorly on a math test not because she was unable to solve
the math problems correctly but because she believed the false idea that women cannot
do math. The unconscious activation of negative information that leads a person (in this
case, the female student) to perform worse on a task than she would otherwise is called
___. - Answers - stereotype threat
, People who are threatened are likely to exhibit ___ in cardiovascular efficiency, making
their thought processes and decision-making less effective. - Answers - a decrease
If people are asked to process abstract words, those with higher emotional content are
processed ___ than neutral words. - Answers - faster
The processing of emotional prosody has been shown to be activated in the ___
hemisphere. - Answers - right
Which of the following is not one of the reasons for why emotion helps memory so
much? - Answers - Emotional memories are temporary and are only related to short-
term memories.
According to Safer, Christiansen, Autry, and Österlund (1998), if people narrow their
vision in on emotional central details of scenes and remember better for those
emotional scenes and not neutral ones, this example represents the ___ memory. -
Answers - tunnel
If at higher levels of arousal, memory improves due to the narrowing attention onto
whatever is eliciting the emotions in a person, this is referred to as the ___. - Answers -
Easterbrook hypothesis
What is the term called when you remember a very detailed memory of a particular
event, especially when the event was surprising or highly emotional? - Answers -
flashbulb memory
Someone pulls out a gun or knife in front of you. What is the term specifically called
when you pay more attention to the gun or knife than anything else surrounding it? -
Answers - weapon-focused effect
When you are angry at someone, all you could remember are the bad things about that
person. When your emotional state at the time causes you to remember information in
long-term memory consistent to how you feel, what is this called? - Answers - mood-
congruent memories
The amygdala is involved more for ___ memory (i.e., memories that come
automatically), and the prefrontal cortex is involved more for ___ memory (i.e.,
memories that deal with facts and experiences). - Answers - implicit; explicit
In a study by Finn and Roediger (2011), people were asked to learn a set of English-
Swahili word pairs and recall the word pairs. As they recalled each pair, they were
shown either a blank screen, a neutral picture, or an emotional picture. After another
period of time, they were asked to recall the word pairs again. What did the researchers
find? - Answers - Word pairs associated to an emotional picture were better
remembered during a later recall due to reconsolidation.
A person who suffers loss of memory for events occurring before a brain injury is known
to have ___ amnesia, whereas a person who suffers loss of memory for events
occurring after a brain injury is known to have ___ amnesia. - Answers - retrograde;
anterograde
According to the Hemispheric Encoding /Retrieval Asymmetry (HERA) model, people
encode episodic memory in the ___ frontal lobe and retrieve episodic memory in the
___ frontal lobe. - Answers - left; right
Patient K. C. was in a motorcycle accident and experienced a serious injury to the
frontal regions of his brain. He had a complete loss of episodic memory but not to his
semantic memory. This would be an example of a(n) ___. - Answers - dissociation
The catastrophic loss of memories or memory abilities caused by brain damage or
disease is known as ___. - Answers - amnesia
A man started to remember all of a sudden a carnival he used to go to as a child after
smelling cotton candy. This remembering without trying to remember it due to the odor
of the cotton candy is a good example of - Answers - spontaneous memory
A reason for misinformation acceptance is due to ___, the process of storing new
information that changes the originally stored information in memory because our
memories are malleable (changeable). - Answers - reconsolidation
In the Loftus and Palmer study, individuals were shown a film of a car accident. A week
later, they were asked questions about the accident. What did the researchers find? -
Answers - People stated that there was broken glass when the question implied that the
cars smashed each other.
In the DRM task, people are shown a list of words that are semantically related (e.g.,
achieve, best, win, etc.). They are then asked to either recall or recognize the list of
words. What would be a typical finding from this DRM task? - Answers - Individuals tend
to falsely remember with great confidence a critical lure that was not on the list of words.
The ___ theory posits that forgetting is caused by memory traces fading due to the
passage of time, whereas the ___ theory posits that forgetting is caused by competing
information blocking another information in memory. - Answers - decay; interference
Forgetting may be caused by the absence of retrieval cues; however, memory traces of
the information may still exist in your long-term memory. This is an example of how
information can be ___ in memory due to it being stored somewhere in long-term
memory but is not ___ because you cannot retrieve that information or have not brought
that information to mind. - Answers - available; accessible
,Which of the following statements is not true about gestures? - Answers - Gestures
while learning enhances memory for surface form text.
___ theory is when we form conversations based on what we think the other person
believes about us, whereas ___ theory is when we form conversations based on what
the other person knows and is interested in. - Answers - Second-order; direct
If a person says, "A penny for your thoughts" to ask what someone might be thinking,
this expression is an example of a(n) ___. - Answers - idiom
When your roommate tells you that it is hard to study when the music is so loud, you
know your roommate is asking for you to lower the volume without literally saying to
lower the volume. This conversation, in which the roommate is telling you to do
something without stating it explicitly, is an example of a(n) ___. - Answers - indirect
request
According to Grice's (1975) conversational maxims for following the cooperative
principle, what is the conversational rule called when utterances should stay on topic to
the discourse? - Answers - relevance
What level of language analysis focuses on prior information from semantic memory to
guide us in understanding sentences? - Answers - conceptual knowledge
Which method of online comprehension could be used to assess the conscious
thoughts of people as they discuss what was read from a passage of text?Which
method of online comprehension could be used to assess the conscious thoughts of
people as they discuss what was read from a passage of text? - Answers - think-aloud
verbal protocol
What is the metacomprehension measure called when people are asked to estimate
how well they understood the materials they studied for and are compared to their
actual test performance? - Answers - judgment of learning
A reason for why people may be poor at their comprehension is that they spend large
amounts of time trying to learn information that is too far beyond their current level of
knowledge and end up learning little to nothing. What is this term called? - Answers -
labor-in-vain effect
A great strategy for metacomprehension is learning information that is just beyond a
person's current level of understanding. What is this term called? - Answers - region of
proximal learning
When reading through stories, you rely on two mechanisms: ___ causes unrelated
concepts to decrease in activation and ___ causes related concepts to increase in
activation in your memory.When reading through stories, you rely on two mechanisms:
,___ causes unrelated concepts to decrease in activation and ___ causes related
concepts to increase in activation in your memory. - Answers - suppression;
enhancement
What level of comprehension are we referring to when we are understanding
information based on exact wording? - Answers - surface form
When we are getting the basic idea units or main ideas of a text, this level of
comprehension is referred to as the ___. - Answers - propositional textbase
When recording eye movements in an eye-tracker, the rapid jerking movements of the
eyes are known as ___. - Answers - saccades
Based on findings on an eye-tracker, ___ readers tend to have their eyes spend
different amounts of time on certain words and ___ readers tend to have their eyes go
back many times to reread what they have already processed. - Answers - good; poor
The ___ assumption is the idea that readers try to interpret each content word of a text
as they encounter that word, and the ___ assumption is the idea that the pattern of eye
movements directly reflects the complexity of the underlying cognitive processes. -
Answers - immediacy; eye-mind
___ is an intended reference in a sentence or utterance but is not mentioned explicitly
by the speaker, whereas ___ is the process by which the comprehender draws
connections between concepts, determines the referents of words and ideas, and
derives conclusions from a message. - Answers - Implication; inference
The process by which our memories slow down when there is a change to our situation
models (e.g., time, location, characters, goals, and causality) is known as ___. -
Answers - updating
In the example, "Tina created fire, and Lisa cooked," there is a period of time when Lisa
has an advantage in memory. However, Lisa's name is activated temporarily,
disappearing after 150 milliseconds (ms). What is this advantage called? - Answers -
clause recency
In a study by Morrow, Greenspan, and Bower (1987), people had to imagine where
items were in a location when they are in another location. What did the researchers
find? - Answers - People tended to slow down when the object is mentally farther away
from them.
A female student performs poorly on a math test not because she was unable to solve
the math problems correctly but because she believed the false idea that women cannot
do math. The unconscious activation of negative information that leads a person (in this
case, the female student) to perform worse on a task than she would otherwise is called
___. - Answers - stereotype threat
, People who are threatened are likely to exhibit ___ in cardiovascular efficiency, making
their thought processes and decision-making less effective. - Answers - a decrease
If people are asked to process abstract words, those with higher emotional content are
processed ___ than neutral words. - Answers - faster
The processing of emotional prosody has been shown to be activated in the ___
hemisphere. - Answers - right
Which of the following is not one of the reasons for why emotion helps memory so
much? - Answers - Emotional memories are temporary and are only related to short-
term memories.
According to Safer, Christiansen, Autry, and Österlund (1998), if people narrow their
vision in on emotional central details of scenes and remember better for those
emotional scenes and not neutral ones, this example represents the ___ memory. -
Answers - tunnel
If at higher levels of arousal, memory improves due to the narrowing attention onto
whatever is eliciting the emotions in a person, this is referred to as the ___. - Answers -
Easterbrook hypothesis
What is the term called when you remember a very detailed memory of a particular
event, especially when the event was surprising or highly emotional? - Answers -
flashbulb memory
Someone pulls out a gun or knife in front of you. What is the term specifically called
when you pay more attention to the gun or knife than anything else surrounding it? -
Answers - weapon-focused effect
When you are angry at someone, all you could remember are the bad things about that
person. When your emotional state at the time causes you to remember information in
long-term memory consistent to how you feel, what is this called? - Answers - mood-
congruent memories
The amygdala is involved more for ___ memory (i.e., memories that come
automatically), and the prefrontal cortex is involved more for ___ memory (i.e.,
memories that deal with facts and experiences). - Answers - implicit; explicit
In a study by Finn and Roediger (2011), people were asked to learn a set of English-
Swahili word pairs and recall the word pairs. As they recalled each pair, they were
shown either a blank screen, a neutral picture, or an emotional picture. After another
period of time, they were asked to recall the word pairs again. What did the researchers
find? - Answers - Word pairs associated to an emotional picture were better
remembered during a later recall due to reconsolidation.
