Exam 2: NSG 3280 / NSG3280 (Latest
Update ) Pathophysiology for
Nurses I | Questions and Verified
Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct - Galen
Questions 1-25: Cellular Adaptation, Injury, & Immunity
Q1. A patient with chronic hypertension develops left ventricular hypertrophy.
This cellular adaptation is best described as:
• A. Hyperplasia
• B. Hypertrophy
• C. Metaplasia
• D. Dysplasia
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size without an increase in
cell number. In hypertension, the heart works harder against high pressure,
causing cardiac muscle cells to enlarge, which thickens the ventricular wall.
Q2. A patient with long-standing GERD undergoes an esophageal biopsy. The
pathology report indicates columnar epithelium in the distal esophagus,
replacing the normal squamous epithelium. This change is termed:
• A. Hyperplasia
• B. Hypertrophy
• C. Metaplasia
• D. Dysplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell
type by another. In Barrett's esophagus (caused by chronic acid reflux), the
, more acid-resistant columnar epithelium replaces squamous epithelium as a
protective adaptation.
Q3. Which characteristic distinguishes necrosis from apoptosis?
• A. Inflammatory response due to membrane rupture
• B. Programmed cell death
• C. Cell shrinkage without inflammation
• D. Formation of apoptotic bodies
Rationale: Necrosis is unregulated cell death from injury, causing cell
swelling, membrane rupture, and inflammation. Apoptosis is programmed
cell death that is clean and does not trigger inflammation.
Q4. The term "metastasis" refers to:
• A. Local spread of cancer cells to adjacent tissue
• B. The spread of cancer cells to distant sites via blood or lymph
• C. The initial formation of a primary tumor
• D. The process of angiogenesis in tumors
Rationale: Metastasis is the hallmark of malignancy—cells detach from
the primary tumor, invade blood or lymph vessels, and establish secondary
tumors in distant organs.
Q5. Which tumor suppressor gene is most commonly mutated in human
cancers and is known as the "guardian of the genome"?
• A. BRCA1
• B. APC
• C. TP53 (p53)
• D. RB1
Rationale: The p53 protein halts the cell cycle to allow for DNA repair
or initiates apoptosis if DNA damage is irreparable. p53 mutations are found
in over 50% of human cancers.
, Q6. The nurse is administering a childhood vaccine to a pediatric client. The
mother asks why the child needs so many vaccinations. How should the nurse
respond?
• A. "Immunization is an important means of inhibiting the spread of
infection by decreasing your child's susceptibility to the infection."
• B. "Vaccines prevent all infections completely for life."
• C. "The more vaccines a child gets, the stronger their immune system
becomes overall."
• D. "Vaccines are mainly required for school paperwork."
Rationale: Vaccines induce active immunity and herd protection by
reducing susceptibility and transmission of specific pathogens. They do not
prevent all infections lifelong.
Q7. A newborn has been lethargic and is not nursing well. Testing of cord
blood done at birth reveals the presence of IgM. How should the nurse
interpret this finding?
• A. IgM is normally transferred from the mother in utero
• B. The presence of IgM suggests the newborn has an infection
• C. IgM indicates adequate maternal immunity
• D. IgM indicates a normal newborn immune response to breast milk
Rationale: Maternal IgM does NOT cross the placenta. IgM in cord
blood suggests fetal/neonatal synthesis in response to in utero infection. This
is an abnormal finding warranting further investigation.
Q8. Stem cells in the bone marrow produce T lymphocytes (T cells) and
release them into the vascular system. The T cells then migrate where to
mature?
• A. Spleen
• B. Lymph nodes
• C. Thymus
Update ) Pathophysiology for
Nurses I | Questions and Verified
Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct - Galen
Questions 1-25: Cellular Adaptation, Injury, & Immunity
Q1. A patient with chronic hypertension develops left ventricular hypertrophy.
This cellular adaptation is best described as:
• A. Hyperplasia
• B. Hypertrophy
• C. Metaplasia
• D. Dysplasia
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size without an increase in
cell number. In hypertension, the heart works harder against high pressure,
causing cardiac muscle cells to enlarge, which thickens the ventricular wall.
Q2. A patient with long-standing GERD undergoes an esophageal biopsy. The
pathology report indicates columnar epithelium in the distal esophagus,
replacing the normal squamous epithelium. This change is termed:
• A. Hyperplasia
• B. Hypertrophy
• C. Metaplasia
• D. Dysplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell
type by another. In Barrett's esophagus (caused by chronic acid reflux), the
, more acid-resistant columnar epithelium replaces squamous epithelium as a
protective adaptation.
Q3. Which characteristic distinguishes necrosis from apoptosis?
• A. Inflammatory response due to membrane rupture
• B. Programmed cell death
• C. Cell shrinkage without inflammation
• D. Formation of apoptotic bodies
Rationale: Necrosis is unregulated cell death from injury, causing cell
swelling, membrane rupture, and inflammation. Apoptosis is programmed
cell death that is clean and does not trigger inflammation.
Q4. The term "metastasis" refers to:
• A. Local spread of cancer cells to adjacent tissue
• B. The spread of cancer cells to distant sites via blood or lymph
• C. The initial formation of a primary tumor
• D. The process of angiogenesis in tumors
Rationale: Metastasis is the hallmark of malignancy—cells detach from
the primary tumor, invade blood or lymph vessels, and establish secondary
tumors in distant organs.
Q5. Which tumor suppressor gene is most commonly mutated in human
cancers and is known as the "guardian of the genome"?
• A. BRCA1
• B. APC
• C. TP53 (p53)
• D. RB1
Rationale: The p53 protein halts the cell cycle to allow for DNA repair
or initiates apoptosis if DNA damage is irreparable. p53 mutations are found
in over 50% of human cancers.
, Q6. The nurse is administering a childhood vaccine to a pediatric client. The
mother asks why the child needs so many vaccinations. How should the nurse
respond?
• A. "Immunization is an important means of inhibiting the spread of
infection by decreasing your child's susceptibility to the infection."
• B. "Vaccines prevent all infections completely for life."
• C. "The more vaccines a child gets, the stronger their immune system
becomes overall."
• D. "Vaccines are mainly required for school paperwork."
Rationale: Vaccines induce active immunity and herd protection by
reducing susceptibility and transmission of specific pathogens. They do not
prevent all infections lifelong.
Q7. A newborn has been lethargic and is not nursing well. Testing of cord
blood done at birth reveals the presence of IgM. How should the nurse
interpret this finding?
• A. IgM is normally transferred from the mother in utero
• B. The presence of IgM suggests the newborn has an infection
• C. IgM indicates adequate maternal immunity
• D. IgM indicates a normal newborn immune response to breast milk
Rationale: Maternal IgM does NOT cross the placenta. IgM in cord
blood suggests fetal/neonatal synthesis in response to in utero infection. This
is an abnormal finding warranting further investigation.
Q8. Stem cells in the bone marrow produce T lymphocytes (T cells) and
release them into the vascular system. The T cells then migrate where to
mature?
• A. Spleen
• B. Lymph nodes
• C. Thymus
