Nervous Coordination - Detailed Notes (Class 10 Biology)
Nervous coordination is the process by which the nervous system controls and coordinates the activities of the body.
It helps organisms respond quickly to changes in their environment. The nervous system receives information,
processes it, and sends responses to different parts of the body.
1. Nervous System
The nervous system is made up of specialized cells called neurons. It controls body activities such as movement,
thinking, breathing, heartbeat, and responses to stimuli. The human nervous system is divided into: • Central Nervous
System (CNS) • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
2. Central Nervous System (CNS)
The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. It acts as the control center of the body. Functions: • Receives
information from sense organs. • Processes information. • Sends instructions to muscles and glands.
3. Brain
The brain is the main coordinating organ of the body. It is protected by the skull. Main Parts of the Brain: 1. Forebrain:
• Controls thinking, memory, intelligence, and voluntary actions. • Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. 2.
Midbrain: • Controls reflex movements of the eyes and ears. 3. Hindbrain: • Includes cerebellum, pons, and medulla. •
Cerebellum maintains balance and posture. • Medulla controls involuntary actions such as heartbeat and breathing.
4. Spinal Cord
The spinal cord is a long tube-like structure protected by the vertebral column. It connects the brain with different parts
of the body. Functions: • Transfers messages between brain and body. • Controls reflex actions.
5. Neuron (Nerve Cell)
Neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. Parts of a Neuron: • Dendrites – receive messages.
• Cell body – contains nucleus. • Axon – carries messages away from the cell body. Types of Neurons: 1. Sensory
neurons – carry impulses from sense organs to CNS. 2. Motor neurons – carry impulses from CNS to muscles. 3.
Relay neurons – connect sensory and motor neurons.
6. Reflex Action
A reflex action is a quick and automatic response to a stimulus without conscious thinking. Example: • Pulling hand
away from a hot object. Reflex Arc: Stimulus → Sensory neuron → Spinal cord → Motor neuron → Response
7. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Nervous coordination is the process by which the nervous system controls and coordinates the activities of the body.
It helps organisms respond quickly to changes in their environment. The nervous system receives information,
processes it, and sends responses to different parts of the body.
1. Nervous System
The nervous system is made up of specialized cells called neurons. It controls body activities such as movement,
thinking, breathing, heartbeat, and responses to stimuli. The human nervous system is divided into: • Central Nervous
System (CNS) • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
2. Central Nervous System (CNS)
The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. It acts as the control center of the body. Functions: • Receives
information from sense organs. • Processes information. • Sends instructions to muscles and glands.
3. Brain
The brain is the main coordinating organ of the body. It is protected by the skull. Main Parts of the Brain: 1. Forebrain:
• Controls thinking, memory, intelligence, and voluntary actions. • Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. 2.
Midbrain: • Controls reflex movements of the eyes and ears. 3. Hindbrain: • Includes cerebellum, pons, and medulla. •
Cerebellum maintains balance and posture. • Medulla controls involuntary actions such as heartbeat and breathing.
4. Spinal Cord
The spinal cord is a long tube-like structure protected by the vertebral column. It connects the brain with different parts
of the body. Functions: • Transfers messages between brain and body. • Controls reflex actions.
5. Neuron (Nerve Cell)
Neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. Parts of a Neuron: • Dendrites – receive messages.
• Cell body – contains nucleus. • Axon – carries messages away from the cell body. Types of Neurons: 1. Sensory
neurons – carry impulses from sense organs to CNS. 2. Motor neurons – carry impulses from CNS to muscles. 3.
Relay neurons – connect sensory and motor neurons.
6. Reflex Action
A reflex action is a quick and automatic response to a stimulus without conscious thinking. Example: • Pulling hand
away from a hot object. Reflex Arc: Stimulus → Sensory neuron → Spinal cord → Motor neuron → Response
7. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
