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deel 6, samenvatting- farmacokinetiek

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samenvatting van farmacokinetiek

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Deel 6: farmacodynamiek
- Wat geneesmiddel doet met lichaam
- Wat is relatie tussen concentratie die aanwezig is op plaats waar GM moet werken en e ect

Farmacodynamiek: verband tussen concentratie en e ect
→ Niet lineair
→ Vaak wel lineair binnen bepaalde range
PKPD
→ x-as tijd
→ Y-as e ect
→ Samenkomst van PD en PK
→ Welk e ect verwachten we in functie van de tijd?

hoe werken geneesmiddelen
Meeste → door binding aan (of in) cellen
- Doelwitten van farmaca = “receptoren”
binden aan specifieke cel-componenten om e ect te ontlokken
farmacon-moleculen moeten (bio)chemisch signaal ontlokken in cellen
- Er treedt dus pas e ect op na signaaltransductie of functionele verandering
Moleculen die deel uitmaken van organisme zijn veel talrijker dan toegediende farmacon
moleculen
Binding is meestal reversibel en concentratie-afhankelijk
Endogene liganden (neurotransmitters, hormonen) zijn fysiologische referentiepunten (farmaca
kunnen deze nabootsen of blokkeren)

Op moleculair niveau
receptoren (types), ionenkanalen, enzymen, transporters
Farmacologisch actieve verbindingen interageren typisch met:
Ionenkanalen (voltage- of receptor-geregeld)
- vb. lokale anesthetica (lidocaïne) →Na+ kanalen; benzo‘s →GABAA receptor
Receptoren (o.a. GPCR’s, dus membraan-gebonden eiwitten voor endogene liganden)
- vb. ß-blokkers → ß-adrenerge receptoren; cimetidine → histamine receptor
Transporteiwitten
- voor neurotransmittors, vb. SSRI: Prozac® (fluoxetine) + serotonin reuptake transporter
Enzymen
- ACE inhibitoren, statines, MAO inhibitoren,…
- Cyclooxygenase (doelwit voor aspirine)
Transcriptiefctoren (bv. Corticosteroïden -> glucocortoid receptor (GR))
Andere intracellulaire targets (sommige cytostatica >< microtubuli; bv. Cyclosporine A →complex
met cyclofilline).

, Receptor werking : lock and key model

Eerste situatie
- Hormoon of neurotransmittor is evolutionair gemaakt om exact op receptor te passen
- Ligand bindt, leidt tot ontsluiten van respons in cel
Tweede situatie
- E ect van endogeen ligand nagebootst
- Krijgen slot ook open, kunnen ook signaal uitlokken
Derde situatie
- antagonist: zorgt dat sleutel niet meer in slot past
- Sleutel is nagemaakt met oog op blokkeren vh slot, hormoon of neurotransmittor kan
receptor niet meer activeren
Types receptoren
- Type I: receptor-gekoppelde (ligand-gated) ionen-kanalen (”ionotrope receptoren”)
• nAChR, GABAA receptor
• Acetylcholine en γ-aminobutyric acid zijn de endogene liganden
- Type II: G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)
- Type III: receptoren die tegelijk als enzyme fungeren (vb. tyrosinekinase receptoren)
- Type IV: eiwitregulerende receptoren = intracellulaire / nucleaire receptoren (vb.
corticosteroid en oestrogeen receptoren) = ligand-activated transcription factors
nAChR (nicotine tyrosinekinase- GPCR’s (G-eiwit Ligand-geactiveerde
acetylcholinereceptor) gelinkte receptoren gekoppelde receptoren) transcriptiefactoren
Zeer belangrijk op de E ect duurt seconden Cascade van Traag begin, maar
neuromusculaire tot minuten intracellulaire reacties langdurig e ect
junctie Ligandbinding leidt tot Vaak productie van Ligand bindt → celkern →
Zorgt voor snelle fosforylatie van cAMP na ligandbinding promotorregio gen →
spiercontractie en intracellulaire Snel en veelzijdig mRNA → eiwit → cellulair
vloeiende beweging proteïnen signaaltraject e ect
⇒ Verandert het gedrag ⇒ E ect op
van deze proteïnen genexpressie

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