NR 509 FINAL EXAM 88 EXAM PREPARATION
PACK 2026 KEY CONCEPTS AND REVISION
NOTES
◉ Risk for Breast cancer.
Answer: --*Age*
-family history of breast/ovarian CA
- inherited genetic mutations,
-personal history of breast cancer
- high levels of endogenous hormones
- breast tissue density
- proliferative lesions with atypia on breast biopsy, - duration of
unopposed estrogen exposure related to early menarche
-age of first full-term pregnancy
- late menopause.
- breastfeeding for less than 1 year,
- postmenopausal obesity
-cigarette smoking, alcohol ingestion,
- physical inactivity, and type of contraception.
◉ Characteristics of a breast cyst.
,Answer: Soft to firm, round, mobile, often tender.
◉ The best way to examine the lateral portion of the breast.
Answer: -Have pt roll onto the opposite hip
-place her hand on her forehead.
- keep shoulders pressed against the bed
-palpate in the axilla, moving in a straight line down to the bra line,
then move the fingers medially and palpate in a vertical strip up the
chest to the clavicle. Continue in vertical overlapping strips until you
reach the nipple
◉ Bacterial Vaginosis (BV).
Answer: -Caused by overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria (often from
sex)
- Discharge: Gray or white, thin, homogenous, malodorous, coats the
vaginal walls, usually not profuse, may be minimal
- Fishy/musty genital odor
-Normal vulva and vaginal mucosa
-Scan saline wet mount for clue cells (epithelial cells with stippled
borders); sniff for fishy odor after applying KOH ("whiff test"); test
the vaginal secretions for pH > 4.5
◉ Candidal Vaginitis.
, Answer: -Cause: Candida albicans, a yeast (normal overgrowth of
vaginal flora); many factors predispose, including antibiotic therapy
-Discharge: white and curdy, may be thin but usually thick, not as
profuse as trichomonal infection, not malodorous
- vaginal soreness, pruritus, pain on urination, dyspareunia (painful
intercourse)
-The vulva and surrounding skin are inflamed and sometimes
swollen to a variable extent; the vaginal mucosa is reddened, with
white tenacious patches of discharge; the mucosa may bleed when
these patches are scraped off; in mild cases, the mucosa looks
normal
-Scan potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation for the branching
hyphae of Candida
◉ Trichomonal Vaginitis.
Answer: -Trichomonas vaginalis, a protozoan; often but not always
acquired sexually
- Discharge:Yellowish green or gray, possibly frothy; often profuse
and pooled in the vaginal fornix; may be malodorous
-Pruritus (though not usually as severe as with Candida
infection); pain on urination (from skin inflammation or possibly
urethritis); dyspareunia
-Vestibule and labia minora may be erythematous; the vaginal
mucosa may be diffusely reddened, with small red granular spots or
PACK 2026 KEY CONCEPTS AND REVISION
NOTES
◉ Risk for Breast cancer.
Answer: --*Age*
-family history of breast/ovarian CA
- inherited genetic mutations,
-personal history of breast cancer
- high levels of endogenous hormones
- breast tissue density
- proliferative lesions with atypia on breast biopsy, - duration of
unopposed estrogen exposure related to early menarche
-age of first full-term pregnancy
- late menopause.
- breastfeeding for less than 1 year,
- postmenopausal obesity
-cigarette smoking, alcohol ingestion,
- physical inactivity, and type of contraception.
◉ Characteristics of a breast cyst.
,Answer: Soft to firm, round, mobile, often tender.
◉ The best way to examine the lateral portion of the breast.
Answer: -Have pt roll onto the opposite hip
-place her hand on her forehead.
- keep shoulders pressed against the bed
-palpate in the axilla, moving in a straight line down to the bra line,
then move the fingers medially and palpate in a vertical strip up the
chest to the clavicle. Continue in vertical overlapping strips until you
reach the nipple
◉ Bacterial Vaginosis (BV).
Answer: -Caused by overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria (often from
sex)
- Discharge: Gray or white, thin, homogenous, malodorous, coats the
vaginal walls, usually not profuse, may be minimal
- Fishy/musty genital odor
-Normal vulva and vaginal mucosa
-Scan saline wet mount for clue cells (epithelial cells with stippled
borders); sniff for fishy odor after applying KOH ("whiff test"); test
the vaginal secretions for pH > 4.5
◉ Candidal Vaginitis.
, Answer: -Cause: Candida albicans, a yeast (normal overgrowth of
vaginal flora); many factors predispose, including antibiotic therapy
-Discharge: white and curdy, may be thin but usually thick, not as
profuse as trichomonal infection, not malodorous
- vaginal soreness, pruritus, pain on urination, dyspareunia (painful
intercourse)
-The vulva and surrounding skin are inflamed and sometimes
swollen to a variable extent; the vaginal mucosa is reddened, with
white tenacious patches of discharge; the mucosa may bleed when
these patches are scraped off; in mild cases, the mucosa looks
normal
-Scan potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation for the branching
hyphae of Candida
◉ Trichomonal Vaginitis.
Answer: -Trichomonas vaginalis, a protozoan; often but not always
acquired sexually
- Discharge:Yellowish green or gray, possibly frothy; often profuse
and pooled in the vaginal fornix; may be malodorous
-Pruritus (though not usually as severe as with Candida
infection); pain on urination (from skin inflammation or possibly
urethritis); dyspareunia
-Vestibule and labia minora may be erythematous; the vaginal
mucosa may be diffusely reddened, with small red granular spots or
