NURS 5315 Advance
Pathophysiology - Exam 3 - UTA
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*Cerebellar Tonsillar Herniation* -: *Most common* type of brain
herniation
Patho: Downward movement of the cerebellum through the foramen
magnum
Signs: *Stiff neck, decreased LOC, respiratory abnormalities, pulse
variations*
3 stages of shock - :1. Nonprogressive. Early shock. In an attempt to
maintain perfusion, heart rate increases & vasoconstriction occurs to
maintain perfusion and increase blood pressure.
,2. Progressive. Body is no longer able to compensate. Hypoxia,
anaerobic cellular metabolism (creation of energy with carbs in the
absence of oxygen), & production of lactic acid. MULTI-ORGAN
FAILURE OCCURS.
3. Irreversible shock. Organs are permanently and severely damaged.
Patient will not survive.
4 stages of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy -: The higher the
number, the more widespread the tau protein accumulation & worse
the disease
Stage I: p-tau neurofibrillary tangles are isolated to cerebral cortex
Stage 4: p-tau proteins are widespread throughout brain
Acute Confusional State (Delirium) -: Sudden cerebral dysfunction;
patient may be normal one minute and delirious the next.
Signs: Confusion, agitation, memory impairments, distractibility,
compulsive behavior, obsessions
Causes are usually correctable: ETOH withdrawal, drug intoxication,
seizures, electrolyte imbalances (sodium & calcium), hypoglycemia,
hypoxia, hypercapnia, infection, head injury
Acute Coronary Syndrome -: Broad term which encompasses three
diagnoses:
,Unstable angina, Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction, ST elevation
infarction
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome -: Type of respiratory failure
which results from massive lung inflammation and widespread
alveolar capillary damage
Damage significantly impairs gas exchange and the patient will have
significant issues with oxygenation
Causes: Pneumonia, sepsis, massive trauma, burns, aspiration, DIC,
pancreatitis
Acute Respiratory Failure -: -Hypoxemia resp. failure = PaO2 less than
or equal to 50 (norm 80-100)
-Hypercapnia resp. failure = PaCO2 greater than or equal to 50 (norm
35-45)
-In either case, main disfunction is an impairment in diffusion
All Hematomas... -: -Compress brain tissue
-Increase intracranial pressure
-Brain herniation if bleed is not resolved
Alzheimer's Disease -: Most common form of dementia
Death occurs 5-10 years after onset
, Alzheimer's Patho - :1. Accumulation of amyloid (starch like protein) in
brain
2. Accumulation causes Neu fibrillary tangles (distortion & twisting of
neurons)
3. Senile plaques form
4. Senile plaques lead to disrupted nerve impulse transmission and
neuron death
Anaphylactic Shock -: Results from pathologic immune and
inflammatory reaction to an antigen, leading to widespread
VASODILATION.
Type I hypersensitivity.
IgE mediated.
Anterior Cerebral Artery -: Occlusion of this artery results in
*contralateral (opposite of injury) hemiparesis* and *loss of
sensation*; symptoms will be more present in *lower extremities*
Anterior Inferior Artery -: Occlusion would cause vomiting, vertigo,
nystagmus (eyes flutter), decreased lacrimation (tears production),
decreased taste, decreased corneal reflex, decreased pain and
temperature sensation in face, decreased ipsilateral (same side as
injury) hearing
Aortic Valve Regurgitation -: -Valve is TOO WIDE or TOO NARROW,
blood doesn't pass through effectively, causing back flow of blood into
the left ventricle
Pathophysiology - Exam 3 - UTA
EXAM Questions Merged With
Answers, Well Elaborated | 100%
Verified solutions | 2026 Latest
Update!!!
*Cerebellar Tonsillar Herniation* -: *Most common* type of brain
herniation
Patho: Downward movement of the cerebellum through the foramen
magnum
Signs: *Stiff neck, decreased LOC, respiratory abnormalities, pulse
variations*
3 stages of shock - :1. Nonprogressive. Early shock. In an attempt to
maintain perfusion, heart rate increases & vasoconstriction occurs to
maintain perfusion and increase blood pressure.
,2. Progressive. Body is no longer able to compensate. Hypoxia,
anaerobic cellular metabolism (creation of energy with carbs in the
absence of oxygen), & production of lactic acid. MULTI-ORGAN
FAILURE OCCURS.
3. Irreversible shock. Organs are permanently and severely damaged.
Patient will not survive.
4 stages of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy -: The higher the
number, the more widespread the tau protein accumulation & worse
the disease
Stage I: p-tau neurofibrillary tangles are isolated to cerebral cortex
Stage 4: p-tau proteins are widespread throughout brain
Acute Confusional State (Delirium) -: Sudden cerebral dysfunction;
patient may be normal one minute and delirious the next.
Signs: Confusion, agitation, memory impairments, distractibility,
compulsive behavior, obsessions
Causes are usually correctable: ETOH withdrawal, drug intoxication,
seizures, electrolyte imbalances (sodium & calcium), hypoglycemia,
hypoxia, hypercapnia, infection, head injury
Acute Coronary Syndrome -: Broad term which encompasses three
diagnoses:
,Unstable angina, Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction, ST elevation
infarction
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome -: Type of respiratory failure
which results from massive lung inflammation and widespread
alveolar capillary damage
Damage significantly impairs gas exchange and the patient will have
significant issues with oxygenation
Causes: Pneumonia, sepsis, massive trauma, burns, aspiration, DIC,
pancreatitis
Acute Respiratory Failure -: -Hypoxemia resp. failure = PaO2 less than
or equal to 50 (norm 80-100)
-Hypercapnia resp. failure = PaCO2 greater than or equal to 50 (norm
35-45)
-In either case, main disfunction is an impairment in diffusion
All Hematomas... -: -Compress brain tissue
-Increase intracranial pressure
-Brain herniation if bleed is not resolved
Alzheimer's Disease -: Most common form of dementia
Death occurs 5-10 years after onset
, Alzheimer's Patho - :1. Accumulation of amyloid (starch like protein) in
brain
2. Accumulation causes Neu fibrillary tangles (distortion & twisting of
neurons)
3. Senile plaques form
4. Senile plaques lead to disrupted nerve impulse transmission and
neuron death
Anaphylactic Shock -: Results from pathologic immune and
inflammatory reaction to an antigen, leading to widespread
VASODILATION.
Type I hypersensitivity.
IgE mediated.
Anterior Cerebral Artery -: Occlusion of this artery results in
*contralateral (opposite of injury) hemiparesis* and *loss of
sensation*; symptoms will be more present in *lower extremities*
Anterior Inferior Artery -: Occlusion would cause vomiting, vertigo,
nystagmus (eyes flutter), decreased lacrimation (tears production),
decreased taste, decreased corneal reflex, decreased pain and
temperature sensation in face, decreased ipsilateral (same side as
injury) hearing
Aortic Valve Regurgitation -: -Valve is TOO WIDE or TOO NARROW,
blood doesn't pass through effectively, causing back flow of blood into
the left ventricle
